Biochemistry

Preface ix Section A – Cell structure and imaging 1 A1 Prokaryote cell structure 1 A2 Eukaryote cell structure 4 A3 Cytoskeleton and molecular motors 9 A4 Bioimaging 18 A5 Cellular fractionation 24 Section B – Amino acids and proteins 29 B1 Amino acids 29 B2 Acids and bases 33 B3 Protein structure 37 B4 Myoglobin and hemoglobin 48 B5 Collagen 56 B6 Protein purification 62 B7 Electrophoresis of proteins 69 B8 Protein sequencing and peptide synthesis 75 Section C – Enzymes 83 C1 Introduction to enzymes 83 C2 Thermodynamics 91 C3 Enzyme kinetics 96 C4 Enzyme inhibition 102 C5 Regulation of enzyme activity 105 Section D – Antibodies 113 D1 The immune system 113 D2 Antibodies: an overview 117 D3 Antibody synthesis 122 D4 Antibodies as tools 127 Section E – Biomembranes and cell signaling 131 E1 Membrane lipids 131 E2 Membrane proteins and carbohydrate 138 E3 Transport of small molecules 145 E4 Transport of macromolecules 151 E5 Signal transduction 156 E6 Nerve function 167 Section F – DNA structure and replication 173 F1 DNA structure 173 F2 Genes and chromosomes 178 F3 DNA replication in bacteria 183 F4 DNA replication in eukaryotes 188 Section G – RNA synthesis and processing 193 G1 RNA structure 193 G2 Transcription in prokaryotes 195 G3 Operons 199 G4 Transcription in eukaryotes: an overview 206 G5 Transcription of protein-coding genes in eukaryotes 208 G6 Regulation of transcription by RNA Pol II 212 G7 Processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA 220 G8 Ribosomal RNA 228 G9 Transfer RNA 235 Section H – Protein synthesis 241 H1 The genetic code 241 H2 Translation in prokaryotes 245 H3 Translation in eukaryotes 254 H4 Protein targeting 257 H5 Protein glycosylation 265 Section I – Recombinant DNA technology 269 I1 The DNA revolution 269 I2 Restriction enzymes 271 I3 Nucleic acid hybridization 276 I4 DNA cloning 281 I5 DNA sequencing 286 I6 Polymerase chain reaction 289 Section J – Carbohydrate metabolism 293 J1 Monosaccharides and disaccharides 293 J2 Polysaccharides and oligosaccharides 300 J3 Glycolysis 304 J4 Gluconeogenesis 315 J5 Pentose phosphate pathway 323 J6 Glycogen metabolism 327 J7 Control of glycogen metabolism 330 Section K – Lipid metabolism 335 K1 Structures and roles of fatty acids 335 K2 Fatty acid breakdown 339 K3 Fatty acid synthesis 346 K4 Triacylglycerols 352 K5 Cholesterol 357 K6 Lipoproteins 363 Section L – Respiration and energy 367 L1 Citric acid cycle 367 L2 Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation 372 L3 Photosynthesis 384 Section M – Nitrogen metabolism 395 M1 Nitrogen fixation and assimilation 395 M2 Amino acid metabolism 399 M3 The urea cycle 407 M4 Hemes and chlorophylls 413 Further Reading 419 Index 425