Pile design and construction practice: 15th ed

Abutments, bridge, 345–9 Acid attack, 368 Adfreezing, 342–3 Adhesion, see Skin friction Adhesion factor, 104–13 Allowable load, 102–3 American Petroleum Institute, 121, 218, 257, 315 Anchors, 214–21, 388 Arbed piles, 31 Attrition, 350 Auger, 42, 79–81 Auger-injected piles, 44 Barges, 315 Base grouting, 86–7 Base resistance, bored-and-cast-in-situ piles, 112, 124 driven piles, 110, 120, 125 driven-and-cast-in-situ piles, 110, 123 in cohesionless soils, 114–29 in cohesive soils, 103, 110, 112 in layered soils, 131–3 in rocks, 138–45 observations of, 392–3 related to static cone tests, 125–9 Basements, 193–8 Bauer piling system, 87, 345 Belling bucket, 80–1 Bentonite slurry, concreting under, 86, 93 drilling with, 85, 95 effects on skin friction, 112, 124 Berthing structures, see Marine structures Bitumen coating, 152 Block failure, 168 Bored-and-cast-in-place piles, base resistance of, 112, 124 continuous flight auger, 44–5 description of, 45–6 durability of, 365–6 enlarged bases for, 42, 80, 112, 212–14 in cohesionless soils, 124 in cohesive soils, 111–13 in mining subsidence areas, 340 in rocks, 144–8 installation of, 79–87, 90–1, 192–3 lateral loads on, 247 reinforcement of, 44 skin friction on, 111–13, 124 underpinning with, 332–9 working stresses on, 46 Box piles, 28 Bridge loading, 345–6 Caisson pile, see Drilled-in tubular pile Calcareous soils, 122–3, 142 Camkometer, 171, 247–8, 377 Cap block, 72 Caps and capping beams, for over-water bridges, 353–5 protection of, 365–8 structural design of, 280–9 Cased piles, 28 Cathodic protection, 372 Chalk, 141–3, 187 Characteristic loads, 4 Characteristic strengths, 4 Cohesionless soils, bored-and-cast-in-place piles in, 124 driven-and-cast-in-place piles in, 123–4 driven piles in, 119–23 loss of ground in, 192–3 pile groups in, 179–85 skin friction on piles in, 117–19, 124 Cohesive soils, bored-and-cast-in-place piles in, 111–13 driven-and-cast-in-place piles in, 110–11 driven piles in, 103–10 heave in, 190–2 pile groups in, 168–79 skin friction on piles in, 103–10 Composite piles, 47 Computer programs, 167–8, 250–3 Concreting piles, generally, 90–5 in permafrost, 344 in water-bearing ground, 93–5 under bentonite, 86, 93 Cone test, see Static and Dynamic cone Constant rate of penetration, 386–8 Constant rate of uplift, 396 Contiguous piles, 339 Continuous dynamic cone test, 377 Continuous flight auger, 44–5, 81 Contracts for piling, 380–3 Control of installation, 383–6 Corrosion of steel piles, 369–72 Current forces, 309–11, 350 Cyclic loading, 211 Deep pile groups, 185–6 Defects in pile shafts, 90–3, 399– 400 Deflection, due to surcharge loading, 346–8 p-y curves, 241–7 under lateral loads, 233–53, 398–9 Degaussing, 383 Design bearing capacity, 101 Design verification load, 386 Diaphragms, 318–19 Diesel pile hammers, 62 Differential-acting hammer, 61–2 Dilatometer, 378 Dolly, 72 Double-acting pile hammer, 61–2 Dragdown, see Negative skin friction Drilled-in tubular piles, description, 45–7 for marine structures, 304–5 Drilling equipment, for site investigations, 374–6 flight auger, 81 grabbing, 81 reverse circulation, 83, 315–16, 350 rotary power auger, 79–81 tripod, 83–5 Driven-and-cast-in-place piles, Page 409 advantage, 35 base resistance of, 110, 123 equipment for installing, 76–8 Franki, 24 Fundex, 39 in cohesionless soils, 123–4 in cohesive soils, 110 in rocks, 143–4 installation of, 90 lateral loads on, 247 Positive, 40 Raymond, 40–1 shell types, 39–41 skin friction, 110–11, 123, 143 Vibrex, 39 Vibro, 39 Vibroform, 39 West’s, 40–1 working stresses on, 42–3 Driven displacement piles, in cohesionless soils, 123–4 in cohesive soils, 103–10 in rocks, 138–43 skin friction on, 103–10, 117–19 Driving cap, 72 Driving tests, 275–7, 383–5 Driving stresses, 275–7 Drop hammers, 57 Dutch cone tests, see Static cone tests Dynamic cone test, 377 see also Continuous dynamic cone Dynamic pile formulae, 3–4, 276 Eccentric loading on piles, 232, 253–7, 277–8 Effective stress (pressure), 103, 150 Efficiency formulae, 166 of piling hammers, 66–7 Elastic continuum, 250–3 Elastic modulus, see Deformation modulus End bearing resistance, see Base resistance Enlarged bases, for bored-and-cast-in-place piles, 42, 81, 112, 212–14 for driven-and-cast-in-place piles, 37 for marine structures, 317 for precast concrete piles, 15 Equivalent raft, 168 Esch-Belval piles, 28 Eurocode, 101–3, 108, 112–14, 212, 213, 383, 388, 393, 396, 398 Europile, 23–4 Failure load, 101 Fender piles, 353 Filled ground, pile groups in, 189–90 single piles in, 148–51 Fondedile piles, 334 Frames, for piling, 51–2 Franki piles, 24, 37, 336 Friction, skin, see Skin friction Frozen ground, piling in, 342–4 Fundex piles, 39 Gamma ray logging, 400 Geophysical surveys, 374 Glacial till, piles in, 111 Grabbing rigs, 81, 95 Ground beams, 280–1, 284–8 Ground heave, 190–3, 382 Ground water, concreting under, 93–5 observations of, 357, 374, 379 Groups of piles, block failure of, 168 eccentric loading on, 253–7 heave effects, 190–3 in filled ground, 189–90 in rock, 186–9 in soils, 166–86 lateral loads on, 253–7 negative skin friction on, 189–90 optimization of settlements in, 196–8 settlement of, 170–86 ultimate resistance of, 168–70 Grouting, skin, 122–3 Guides, for piling, 53–7 H-section piles, advantages of, 28 curvature of, 30 for machinery foundations, 331–2 for underpinning, 337 Peine, 31 skin friction on, 110, 120 strengthening toes of, 32–3 wings for, 29–31 Hammers, piling, 57–72 Heave, ground, 190–3, 352 Helmets, 72–4 Hercules piles, 23 High-alumina cement, 367 Hoesch piles, 28 Horizontal load, see Lateral loads Hush piling, 72 Hydraulic hammers, 60–1 Ice forces, 311–12, 342–4 Inclined loading, 232 Impact forces, 301–4, 350–1 Integrity, structural, 399–400 Jacket structures, 313–15 Jacking piles, 336–7 Jetting piles, 74–5 Jetties, see Marine structures Krupp piles, 28 Laboratory testing, 379–80 Larssen piles, 28 Lateral loads, from bridge abutments, 345–6 on pile groups, 253–7 on raking piles, 253 on single piles, 221–53 Lateral load tests, 398–9 Leaders, 52–4 Limit states, 4 Load-settlement curves, 393–6 Load transfer to piles, 100–1 Load-uplift curves, 396–7 Loading tests, compression, 386–95 constant rate of penetration, 386–8 constant rate of uplift, 396 lateral, 398–9 maintained load, 386–8, 396 uplift, 396 Loss of ground due to piling, 192, 382 M.V. piles, 28 Machinery foundations, 303–7 Made ground, see Filled ground Maintained load test, 386–8, 396 Marine structures, current forces on, 309–11 durability of piles in, 361–3, 368–9, 370–2 ice forces on, 311–12 impact forces on, 301–4 wave forces on, 306–9 wind forces on, 311 Mass factor, 186 Menard pressuremeter, 247–50, 377 Micropiles, 48 Miga piles, 214, 336 Mining subsidence, 339–42 Minipiles, 48 Modulus, deformation, of cohesionless soils, 182–4 deformation, of rocks, 147, 186–9 of subgrade reaction, 223 pressuremeter, 247–8 Monotube piles, 31–2 Mooring dolphins, 306 Mooring forces, 305–6 Negative skin friction, 148–52, 189–90, 347–8 Noise control, 67–72, 382 Open-endpiles, resistance of, 109–10, 121–2 Organic acids, 368 Page 410 Oscillation of piles, 310–11 Oscillators, casing, 81 Oslo point, 17, 33 PMI piles, 24 P-y curves, 241–7 Packing, 72–4 Painting, 371 Pali Radice, 334 Partial safety factors, 4, 101, 108, 112, 134, 212 Peine piles, 31 Permafrost, 343–4 Permeability tests, 379–80 Plate bearing tests, 134, 136, 378–9 Platforms, petroleum production, see Marine structures Plugging, with concrete, 110 with soil, 109–10, 121–2 Portland cement concrete, 365–6 Positional tolerance, 96–7, 278, 382 Positive piles, 40 Power augers, 79–81 Precast concrete piles, breakage of, 21–3 concreting of, 17–21 cracks in, 15 driving of, 88–9 driving stresses on, 275–7 Hardrive, 23 Hercules, 23 jointed types, 23–4 lengthening of, 278–9 lifting of, 272–5 prestressed, 15–16 reinforcement of, 15, 273–4 shoes for, 17–19 structural design of, 272–9 working stresses on, 19 Pressure distribution, beneath pile groups, 165–8, 175 Pressuremeter, 171, 247–8, 377–8 Prestressed concrete piles, advantages of, 16 casting of, 17–21 cylindrical, 21 for marine structures, 312 structural design of, 274 Pretest piles, 335–6 Pruyn point, 33 Pyrites, 286 Raking piles, bending of, 253 calculating loading on, 255–6 for bridges, 345–6 for marine structures, 300, 306 installation of, 95–6 resistance to lateral loads of, 209– 10, 255–6 Raymond piles, 40 Reinforcement, for bored-and-cast-in-place piles, 44–5 for driven-and-cast-in-place piles, 37–8 for precast concrete piles, 15, 273–4 Replacement piles, see Bored and cast-in-place Responsibilities, contractual, 5–6 Reversed circulation drilling, 83, 315–16, 350 Rock, anchoring piles to, 214–21 deformation moduli of, 147, 186–9 drilled piles in, 47 base resistance in, 138–45 quality designation, 145 settlement of piles in, 147–8, 186–9 site investigations in, 375–80 skin friction on piles in, 142–5 Rockwell connector, 26 Rotary auger, 79–81 Rotary table, 83 Safety factors, 4, 101, 108, 112, 133–4, 152, 212 Sampling soils, 375, 379 Sand, see Cohesionless soils Scour, effects of, 126–8, 350–2 Secant piles, 339 Seismic logging, 400 Selection of pile type, 7–9, 48–9 Serviceability limitstate, 4 Set of piles, 275–7, 383–5 Setting out, 382 Settlement, of pile groups, 170–90 of single piles, 133–8, 147–8 Shear connectors, 217–18 Sheathing, 152, 363, 368 Shell piles, description of, 39–42 installation of, 90 Positive, 40 Raymond, 40 West’s, 40–1 working stresses on, 43 Shoes, for concrete piles, 17–19 for steel piles, 32–3 for timber piles, 12 Single-acting hammers, 60 Site investigations for piling, 373–80 Skin friction, effects of overburden on, 106 in cohesionless soils, 117–19, 124 in cohesive soils, 103–11 in layered soils, 133–4 in rock, 142–5 negative, 148–52 observations of, 392–3 on bored-and-cast-in-place piles, 113–24 on driven piles, 103–10, 117–19 on driven-and-cast-in-place piles, 110–11, 123, 143 on grouted piles, 122–3 Small displacement piles, 8, 110, 120–2 Sonic logging, 400 Spacing of piles, 169–70 Specifications, piling, 9, 92–3, 95, 195, 380–3, 386 Spiral welding, 27 Splicing piles, 278–9, 315 Standard penetration tests, related to deformation modulus, 179 related to φ2-values, 114 techniques for, 376–7 Static cone penetration test, related to φvalues, 114 related to base resistance, 124–9 related to compressibility of soils, 182–5 related to skin friction, 125 techniques for, 377 Statnamic tests, 393 Steel, for anchors, 216 for piles, 33–5 reinforcing, see Reinforcement Steel piles, advantages of, 49 Arbed, 31 box, 29 cathodic protection of, 372 concrete filling of, 24 connectors for, 26 corrosion of, 369–72 driving of, 89–90 Esch-Belval, 28 for marine structures, 312, 370–2 H-section, 28–31 Hoesch, 28 Krupp, 28 Larssen, 28 M.V., 28 Monotube, 31–2 painting of, 371 Peine, 31 shoes for, 32–3 splicing of, 278–9, 315 tubular, 25–8 Union, 28 welding of, 27, 279, 315, 383 working stresses on, 33–5 Step tapered, 40 Stress grades, timber, 11 Stress wave theory, 275 Sulphate (and sulphuric acid) attack, 365–7 Sulphate resisting cement, 366 Supersulphated cement, 367 Surcharge loading on pile groups, 346–8 Page 411 Tapered piles, description of, 31–2, 40 Temporary compression, 385 Timber piles, damage to, 11–12 driving of, 11, 87 durability of, 357–63 for fenders, 304 preservation of, 360–1 shoes for, 12 splicing of, 12, 279 working stresses on, 12 Time effects, in clays, 113–14 in cohesionless soils, 129 Tolerances, positional, 96–7, 278, 382 Tremie concreting, 93–4 Trestle guides, 54–7 Tripod rigs, 83–5, 95, 332–3 Tubex piles, 39 Tubular piles, steel, cleaning out, 89–90 descriptions of, 25–8 driving caps for, 74 for marine structure, 304–5, 315–19, 370–2 plugging of, 109–10, 121–2 Ultimate resistance, of piles in groups, 168 to compressive loads, 100–2 to lateral loads, 211–57 to uplift loads, 210–21 Underpinning with piles, 332–9 Under-reamed piles, 42, 81, 112, 212–14, 317 Underwater concreting, 93–5 Underwater hammers, 61 Union piles, 28 Unloading effects, 127, 352 Uplift on piles, due to frost action, 209, 342–3 due to swelling clays, 208–9, 286–7 resistance to, 210–21 Vane tests, 376 Vibratory pile hammers, 63–4 Vibrex piles, 39 Vibro piles, 39 Vibroform piles, 39 Vibro-replacement, 64 Wave forces, 306–9, 350 Welding, 27, 279, 315, 383 West’s piles, 25, 40–1 Winches, piling, 54 Wind forces, 311 Winged piles, 29–31 Working load, specified, 386 Working stresses, on bored-and-cast-in-place piles, 46 on driven-and-cast-in-place piles, 42–3 on shell piles, 43 on steel piles, 33–5 on timber piles, 12