Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology/ Group 8: Advanced materials and technologies.Vol. 4, Radiological protection

Cellular effects ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................2-2 2.2.1 Primary events following exposure to ionising radiation................................................................................................2-2 2.2.2 Cellular damage and repair following the primary radiation events ....................................................................2-3 2.2.3 Classification of radiation-induced damage.................................................................................................................................2-5 2.2.4 Implications of cellular damage for whole or partial body exposure..................................................................2-9 2.3 Deterministic effects.............................................................................................................................................................................................2-9 2.3.1 Tissue and organ development...................................................................................................................................................................2-9 2.3.2 Dose-response relationships for radiation damage............................................................................................................. 2-10 2.3.3 Deterministic effects in humans following acute whole-body irradiation.................................................. 2-11 2.3.4 Deterministic effects following partial body irradiation............................................................................................... 2-12 2.4 Radiation-induced cancer............................................................................................................................................................................ 2-15 2.4.1 Cancer development ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2-15 2.4.2 Dose-response relationships..................................................................................................................................................................... 2-16 2.4.3 Exposures to external radiation............................................................................................................................................................. 2-18 2.4.4 Exposure to internally incorporated radionuclides............................................................................................................. 2-20 2.4.5 Dose and dose rate effectiveness factors (DDREFs)........................................................................................................ 2-23 2.4.6 Risk coefficients for protection............................................................................................................................................................. 2-23 2.4.7 Low dose studies.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2-25 2.5 Hereditary disease............................................................................................................................................................................................... 2-27 2.5.1 Categories of genetic damage................................................................................................................................................................. 2-27 2.5.2 Risk coefficients for hereditary disease........................................................................................................................................ 2-28 2.6 Irradiation in utero.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2-29 2.6.1 Deterministic effects......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2-30 2.6.2 Brain function.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2-30 2.6.3 Risk coefficients for cancer....................................................................................................................................................................... 2-31 2.6.4 Hereditary disease............................................................................................................................................................................................... 2-31 2.7 Summary of risk factors for cancer and hereditary disease....................................................................................... 2-32 2.8 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2-32 2.9 References................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2-34 3 Physical fundamentals....................................................................................................................................................................................3-1 3.1 Natural radioactivity.............................................................................................................................................................................................3-1 3.2 Elements, isotopes and radionuclides .................................................................................................................................................3-2 3.2.1 Atoms, electrons and the Periodic Table of Elements ........................................................................................................3-2 3.2.2 Atomic nuclei, nuclides and the Chart of Nuclides ...............................................................................................................3-3 3.3 The structure of the atomic nucleus......................................................................................................................................................3-4 3.3.1 Elementary particles .............................................................................................................................................................................................3-4 3.3.2 Nuclear transformations....................................................................................................................................................................................3-6 3.4 Radioactive decay ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 3-10 3.4.1 Basic properties..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3-10 3.4.2 Decay modes ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3-15 3.4.3 The natural radioactive decay families.......................................................................................................................................... 3-18 3.5 Radioactive radiation...