Vacuum and pressure systems handbook.

Basic Concepts - Vacuum and Pressure .......................................................... 6 Pneumatics and Pneumatic Power ....................................................................... 6 Basic Advantages.................................................................................................. 8 Pressure Levels and Terminology ......................................................................... 9 Units of Pressure/Vacuum Measurement............................................................ 14 Measurement of Pressure and Vacuum .............................................................. 14 Pressure/Volume/ Temperature Relationships .................................................... AIR COMPRESSORS......................................................................................... 21 Pressure Generation: Compression .................................................................... 21 Compression Work Requirements ...................................................................... 21 Air Compressors: Basic Operation ...................................................................... 22 Positive Displacement Compressors .................................................................. 22 Nonpositive Displacement Compressors ............................................................ 33 Compressor Controls and Cycling ...................................................................... 37 Selection of Compressor Type ............................................................................ 39 Compressor Size Selection ................................................................................. 45 Other Selection Considerations .......................................................................... Summary of Pressure Sequence ........................................................................ 53 Transmission of Pressure.................................................................................... 59 Storage of Compressed Air ................................................................................. 59 Control of Compressed Air .................................................................................. 60 Effects of Pressure: Force ................................................................................... 62 Pneumatic Power Supply Systems VACUUM PUMPS ............................................................................................... 69 Vacuum Pumps: Basic Operation........................................................................ 69 Vacuum Stages ................................................................................................... 70 Oil-Less vs. Oil-Lubricated Vacuum Pumps ........................................................ 70 Positive Displacement Vacuum Pumps............................................................... 70 Nonpositive Displacement Vacuum Pumps ........................................................ 72 Evaluating Vacuum Pump Performance ............................................................. 72 Effects of Temperature Rise ................................................................................ 77 Vacuum Pump Selection ..................................................................................... 77 Drive Power Selection