Air quality guidelines for Europe.

1. Introduction ................................................................................. 1 2. Criteria used in establishing guideline values ................................. 11 3. Summary of the guidelines .......................................................... 32 4. Use of the guidelines in protecting public health ........................... 41 PART II. EVALUATION OF RISKS TO HUMAN HEALTH 5. Organic pollutants ...................................................................... 57 5.1 Acrylonitrile ...................................................................... 59 5.2 Benzene ............................................................................ 62 5.3 Butadiene .......................................................................... 67 5.4 Carbon disulfide ................................................................ 71 5.5 Carbon monoxide ............................................................. 75 5.6 1,2-Dichloroethane ........................................................... 80 5.7 Dichloromethane .............................................................. 83 5.8 Formaldehyde ................................................................... 87 5.9 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ....................................... 92 5.10 Polychlorinated biphenyls .................................................. 97 5.11 Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans ........... 102 5.12 Styrene ............................................................................ 106 5.13 Tetrachloroethylene ......................................................... 109 5.14 Toluene ........................................................................... 112 5.15 Trichloroethylene ............................................................ 115 5.16 Vinyl chloride ................................................................. 118 Contents 6. Inorganic pollutants ................................................................. 123 6.1 Arsenic ............................................................................ 125 6.2 Asbestos .......................................................................... 128 6.3 Cadmium ....................................................................... 136 6.4 Chromium ..................................................................... 139 6.5 Fluoride .......................................................................... 143 6.6 Hydrogen sulfide ............................................................. 146 6.7 Lead ................................................................................ 149 6.8 Manganese ...................................................................... 154 6.9 Mercury .......................................................................... 157 6.10 Nickel ............................................................................. 162 6.11 Platinum ......................................................................... 166 6.12 Vanadium ....................................................................... 170 7. Classical pollutants ................................................................... 173 7.1 Nitrogen dioxide ............................................................. 175 7.2 Ozone and other photochemical oxidants ......................... 181 7.3 Particulate matter ............................................................ 186 7.4 Sulfur dioxide ................................................................. 194 8. Indoor air pollutants ................................................................ 199 8.1 Environmental tobacco smoke ......................................... 201 8.2 Man-made vitreous fibres ................................................ 206 8.3 Radon ............................................................................. 209 PART III. EVALUATION OF ECOTOXIC EFFECTS 9. General approach ..................................................................... 219 10. Effects of sulfur dioxide on vegetation: critical levels .................. 226 11. Effects of nitrogen-containing air pollutants: critical levels ......... 230 12. Effects of ozone on vegetation: critical levels .............................. 234 13. Indirect effects of acidifying compounds on natural systems: critical loads ............................................................................. 239 14. Effects of airborne nitrogen pollutants on vegetation: critical loads ............................................................................. 246 Annex I. Participants at WHO air quality guideline meetings ........... 252