Emergency medicine : a comprehensive study guide

CONTENTS Notice Editors Dedication Contributors Reviewers Preface Color Plates Section One Prehospital Care 1 Emergency Medical Services G. Patrick Lilja, Robert A. Swor 2 Prehospital Equipment and Adjuncts Daniel G. Hankins 3 Air Medical Transport C. Keith Stone, Stephen H. Thomas 4 Neonatal and Pediatric Transport Carl L. Bose, Phillip V. Gordon 5 Disaster Medical Services Eric K. Noji 6 Mass Gatherings Gregory D. Mears, Arthur H. Yancey II Section Two Resuscitative Problems and Techniques 7 Sudden Cardiac Death Joseph P. Ornato 8 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Adults Jon Mark Hirshon 9 Neonatal Resuscitation and Emergencies Eugene E. Cepeda, Seetha Shankaran 10 Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation William E. Hauda II 11 Pediatric Airway Management Marcie Rubin, Nicholas Sadovnikoff 12 Resuscitation Issues in Pregnancy Elizabeth M. Datner, Susan B. Promes 13 Ethical Issues of Resuscitation Catherine A. Marco 14 Basic Airway Management Techniques A. Michael Roman 15 Tracheal Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation Daniel F. Danzl 16 Surgical Airway Management David R. Gens 17 Vascular Access Bharat B. Sutariya, William A. Berk 18 Invasive Monitoring, Pacing Techniques, and Automatic and Implantable Defibrillators Edward S. Bessman 19 Cerebral Resuscitation Gary S. Krause, Blaine C. White 20 Newer Resuscitative Techniques James E. Manning, Christopher W. Barton, Lawrence M. Katz 21 Acid-Base Disorders David D. Nicolaou, Gabor D. Kelen 22 Blood Gases: Pathophysiology and Interpretation Mark P. Hamlin, Peter J. Pronovost 23 Fluid and Electrolyte Problems Michael Londner, Christine Carr, Gabor D. Kelen 24 Disturbances of Cardiac Rhythm and Conduction Edmund Bolton 25 Pharmacology of Antidysrhythmic and Vasoactive Medications Teresa M. Carlin Section Three Shock 26 Approach to the Patient in Shock Emanuel P. Rivers, Mohamed Y. Rady, Robert Bilkovski 27 Fluid and Blood Resuscitation Steven C. Dronen, Eileen M. K. Bobek 28 Septic Shock Jonathan Jui 29 Cardiogenic Shock Raymond E. Jackson 30 Anaphylaxis and Acute Allergic Reactions Shaheed I. Koury, Lee U. Herfel 31 Neurogenic Shock Brian D. Euerle, Thomas M. Scalea Section Four Analgesia, Anesthesia, and Sedation 32 Acute Pain Management, Analgesia, and Anxiolysis in the Adult Patient Erica Liebelt, Nadine Levick 33 Systemic Analgesia and Sedation for Painful Procedures David D. Nicolaou 34 Management of Patients with Chronic Pain David M. Cline Section Five Emergency Wound Management 35 Evaluation of Wounds Louis J. Kroot 36 Wound Preparation Susan C. Stone, Wallace A. Carter 37 Methods for Wound Closure Julia E. Martin, Rob Herfel 38 Lacerations to the Face and Scalp Wendy C. Coates 39 Fingertip and Nail Injuries Robert S. Chang, Wallace A. Carter 40 Lacerations of the Extremities and Joints Madonna Fernández, Wendy C. Coates 41 Foot Lacerations Earl J. Reisdorff 42 Soft Tissue Foreign Bodies Richard L. Lammers 43 Puncture Wounds and Bites Charles A. Eckerline, Jr., Jim Blake, Ronald F. Koury 44 Postrepair Wound Care Louis J. Kroot Section Six Cardiovascular Diseases 45 Approach to Chest Pain and Possible Myocardial Ischemia Gary B. Green, Peter M. Hill 46 Syncope Barbara K. Blok 47 ACS: Unstable Angina, Myocardial Ischemia, and Infarction Judd E. Hollander 48 Intervention Strategies for Acute Coronary Syndrome Judd E. Hollander 49 Heart Failure and Pulmonary Edema Charles B. Cairns 50 Valvular Emergencies and Endocarditis David M. Cline 51 Cardiomyopathies, Myocarditis, and Pericardial Disease James T. Niemann 52 Pulmonary Embolism Charles N. Schoenfeld 53 Hypertension Melissa M. Wu, Arjun Chanmugam 54 Aortic Dissection and Aneurysms Gary A. Johnson 55 Nontraumatic Peripheral Vascular Disorders Anil Chopra 56 Cardiac Transplantation Michael R. Mill, Michelle S. Grady 57 Noninvasive Myocardial Imaging David A. Bluemke, Bennett Chin, João A. C. Lima Section Seven Pulmonary Emergencies 58 Respiratory Distress J. Stephan Stapczynski 59 Bronchitis and Pneumonia Donald A. Moffa, Jr., Charles L. Emerman 60 Aspiration Pneumonia, Lung Abscess, and Pleural Empyema Eric Anderson, Maxime Alix Gilles 61 Tuberculosis Janet M. Poponick, Joel Moll 62 Spontaneous and Iatrogenic Pneumothorax William Franklin Young, Jr., Roger Loyd Humphries 63 Hemoptysis William Franklin Young, Jr., Michael W. Stava 64 Acute Asthma in Adults Rita K. Cydulka, Sorabh Khandelwal 65 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Rita K. Cydulka, Sorabh Khandelwal 66 The Lung Transplant Patient Thomas P. Noeller 67 Pulmonary Imaging Janet M. Poponick Section Eight Gastrointestinal Emergencies 68 Acute Abdominal Pain E. John Gallagher 69 Abdominal Pain in the Elderly Robert McNamara 70 Gastrointestinal Bleeding David T. Overton 71 Esophageal Emergencies Moss H. Mendelson 72 Swallowed Foreign Bodies Wade R. Gaasch, Robert A. Barish 73 Peptic Ulcer Disease and Gastritis Matthew C. Gratton 74 Appendicitis Denis J. FitzGerald, Arthur M. Pancioli 75 Intestinal Obstruction Salvator J. Vicario, Timothy G. Price 76 Hernia in Adults and Children Frank W. Lavoie 77 Ileitis, Colitis, and Diverticulitis Howard A. Werman, Hagop S. Mekhjian, Douglas A. Rund 78 Anorectal Disorders James K. Bouzoukis 79 Vomiting, Diarrhea, and Constipation Annie Tewel Sadosty, Brian J. Browne 80 Jaundice Richard O. Shields, Jr. 81 Cholecystitis and Biliary Colic Tom P. Aufderheide, William J. Brady, Judith E. Tintinalli 82 Hepatic Disorders and Hepatic Failure Rawden W. Evans 83 Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis Robert J. Vissers, Riyad B. Abu-Laban 84 Complications of General Surgical Procedures Edmond A. Hooker 85 Complications of Gastrointestinal Devices Edmond A. Hooker 86 The Liver Transplant Patient Steven Kronick 87 Gastrointestinal Imaging Michael J. Bono Section Nine Renal and Genitourinary Disorders 88 Acute Renal Failure Richard Sinert 89 Emergencies in Renal Failure and Dialysis Patients Richard Sinert 90 Urinary Tract Infections David S. Howes, William Franklin Young, Jr. 91 Male Genital Problems Robert E. Schneider 92 Urologic Stone Disease Joel Moll, William Franklin Peacock IV 93 Hematuria and Hematospermia David S. Howes, Mark P. Bogner 94 Complications of Urologic Procedures Elaine B. Josephson, Anthony Gomez 95 Complications of Urologic Devices C. Richard Ross, Edward Lee 96 The Renal Transplant Patient Richard Sinert 97 Renal Imaging Dan E. Wiener, Jennifer Marrast Host Section Ten Gynecology and Obstetrics 98 Vaginal Bleeding and Pelvic Pain in the Nonpregnant Patient Laurie Morrison, Julie Spence 99 Normal Pregnancy Christina E. Hantsch, Donna L. Seger 100 Ectopic Pregnancy Richard S. Krause, David M. Janicke 101 Emergencies During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period Gloria J. Kuhn 102 Comorbid Diseases in Pregnancy Jessica L. Bienstock, Harold E. Fox 103 Emergency Delivery Michael J. VanRooyen, Julia B. VanRooyen 104 Vulvovaginitis Gloria J. Kuhn 105 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Amy J. Behrman, Suzanne Moore Shepherd 106 Breast Disorders Carol A. Terregino, Rachelle A. Greenman 107 Urogynecologic Disorders and Gynecologic Oncology Michael Londner, Julia B. VanRooyen 108 Complications of Gynecologic Procedures Michael A. Silverman, Karen J. Morrill Hardart 109 Pelvic Ultrasonography Robert F. Reardon, Dietrich V. K. Jehle Section Eleven Pediatrics 110 Fever Carol D. Berkowitz 111 Assessment of the Child in the Emergency Department: A Practical Application of Normal Child Development Peter Mellis 112 Common Neonatal Problems M. Yousuf Hasan, Niranjan Kissoon 113 The NICU Graduate Daniel G. Batton 114 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Carol D. Berkowitz 115 Pediatric Heart Disease C. James Corrall 116 Otitis and Pharyngitis in Children Kimberly S. Quayle, Susan Fuchs, David M. Jaffe 117 Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Richard Malley 118 Bacteremia, Sepsis, and Meningitis in Children Peter I. Mellis 119 Viral and Bacterial Pneumonia in Children Kathleen M. Brown, Thomas E. Terndrup 120 Pediatric Asthma and Bronchiolitis Maybelle Kou, Thom A. Mayer 121 Seizures and Status Epilepticus in Children Michael A. Nigro 122 Vomiting and Diarrhea in Children Christopher M. Holmes, Ronald D. Holmes 123 Pediatric Abdominal Emergencies Robert W. Schafermeyer 124 The Diabetic Child and Diabetic Ketoacidosis Maribel Rodriguez, Thom A. Mayer 125 Hypoglycemia Randolph I. Cordle 126 Altered Mental Status in Children Nancy A. Pook, Natalie M. Cullen, Jonathan I. Singer 127 Syncope and Sudden Death William E. Hauda II, Thom A. Mayer 128 Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy William Ahrens 129 Upper Respiratory Emergencies Randolph J. Cordle, Nicholas C. Relich 130 Acute Pain Management and Sedation in Children Erica Liebelt, Nadine Levick 131 Pediatric Exanthems Michael S. Weinstock, Michael S. Catapano 132 Musculoskeletal Disorders in Children Richard A. Christoph 133 Sickle Cell Disease Peter J. Paganussi, Thom A. Mayer, Maybelle Kou 134 Evaluating the Handicapped or Disabled Child Cheryl H. Hack 135 Urogynecologic Problems in Children and Adolescents Richard A. Christoph 136 Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections Michael F. Altieri, Mary Camarca, Thom A. Mayer Section Twelve Infectious Diseases 137 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Dexter L. Morris 138 Toxic Shock Syndrome and Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome Shawna J. Perry, Ann L. Harwood-Nuss 139 HIV Infection and AIDS Richard E. Rothman, Gabor D. Kelen 140 Tetanus Donna L. Carden 141 Rabies David J. Weber, David A. Wohl, William A. Rutala 142 Malaria Jeffrey D. Band 143 Common Parasitic Infections Harold H. Osborn 144 Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases William T. Anderson 145 Infections from Animals John T. Meredith 146 Soft Tissue Infections Steven G. Folstad 147 Reportable Communicable Diseases Jane H. Brice 148 Occupational Exposures, Infection Control, and Standard Precautions Kathy J. Rinnert 149 Antibiotics in the Emergency Department James H. Bryan, Kenneth C. Dirk, Jonathan Jui 150 Common Viral Infections: Influenzaviruses and Herpesviruses Robert A. Brownstein Section Thirteen Toxicology 151 General Management of Poisoned Patients Jason B. Hack, Robert S. Hoffman 152 Tricyclic Antidepressants Kirk C. Mills 153 Newer Antidepressants and Serotonin Syndrome Kirk C. Mills 154 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Kirk C. Mills 155 Antipsychotics Richard A. Harrigan, William J. Brady 156 Lithium Sandra M. Schneider, Daniel J. Cobaugh 157 Barbiturates Raquel M. Schears 158 Benzodiazepines George M. Bosse 159 Nonbenzodiazepine Sedative-Hypnotics Raquel M. Schears 160 Alcohols William A. Berk, Wilma V. Henderson 161 Opioids Suzanne Doyon 162 Stimulants, Cocaine, and Amphetamines Jeanmarie Perrone, Robert S. Hoffman 163 Hallucinogens Karen N. Hansen 164 Salicylates Luke Yip, Richard C. Dart 165 Acetaminophen Oliver Hung, Lewis S. Nelson 166 Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs G. Richard Bruno, Wallace A. Carter 167 Xanthines Daniel J. Kranitz, Charles L. Emerman 168 Digitalis Glycosides William H. Dribben, Mark A. Kirk 169 b-Blocker Toxicity William P. Kerns II 170 Calcium Channel Blockers Jeffrey A. Kline 171 Antihypertensives Arjun Chanmugam 172 Phenytoin and Fosphenytoin Toxicity Harold H. Osborn 173 Iron Joseph G. Rella, Lewis S. Nelson 174 Hydrocarbons and Volatile Substances Paul M. Wax 175 Caustics G. Richard Bruno, Wallace A. Carter 176 Insecticides, Herbicides, Rodenticides Walter C. Robey III, William J. Meggs 177 Anticholinergic Toxicity Leslie R. Wolf 178 Metals and Metalloids Marsha D. Ford 179 Herbals and Vitamins G. Richard Braen 180 Antimicrobials G. Richard Bruno, Wallace A. Carter 181 Hazardous Materials Exposure Suzanne R. White, Col. Edward M. Eitzen, Jr. 182 Cyanide Kathleen A. Delaney 183 Dyshemoglobinemias Sean M. Rees, Lewis S. Nelson 184 Hypoglycemic Agents Joseph G. Rella, Lewis S. Nelson Section Fourteen Environmental Injuries 185 Frostbite and Other Localized Cold-Related Injuries Mark B. Rabold 186 Hypothermia Howard A. Bessen 187 Heat Emergencies James S. Walker, S. Brent Barnes 188 Arthropod Bites and Stings Richard F. Clark 189 Reptile Bites Richard C. Dart, Hernan F. Gomez, Frank F. S. Daly 190 Trauma and Envenomations from Marine Fauna Paul S. Auerbach 191 High Altitude Medical Problems Peter H. Hackett, Mark B. Rabold 192 Dysbarism Kenneth W. Kizer 193 Near Drowning Bruce E. Haynes 194 Thermal Burns Lawrence R. Schwartz, Chenicheri Balakrishnan 195 Chemical Burns Fred P. Harchelroad, Jr., J. Michael Ballester 196 Electrical Injuries Ann S. Chinnis, Janet M. Williams, Kimberly N. Treat 197 Lightning Injuries Kimberly N. Treat, Janet M. Williams, Ann S. Chinnis 198 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Keith W. Van Meter 199 Radiation Injuries Pamela L. Piggott 200 Mushroom Poisoning Sandra M. Schneider, Anne F. Brayer 201 Poisonous Plants Mark A. Hostetler, Sandra M. Schneider Section Fifteen Endocrine Emergencies 202 Hypoglycemia William J. Brady, Richard A. Harrigan 203 Diabetic Ketoacidosis Michael E. Chansky, Cary L. Lubkin 204 Alcoholic Ketoacidosis William A. Woods, Debra G. Perina 205 Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome Charles S. Graffeo 206 Hyperthyroidism and Thyroid Storm Horace K. Liang 207 Hypothyroidism and Myxedema Coma Horace K. Liang 208 Adrenal Insufficiency and Adrenal Crisis Gene Ragland 209 Diabetes Mellitus Micheal D. Rush, Sonia Winslett, Kimberley Dawn Wisdom Section Sixteen Hematologic and Oncologic Emergencies 210 Evaluation of Anemia and the Bleeding Patient Mary E. Eberst 211 Acquired Bleeding Disorders Mary E. Eberst 212 Hemophilias and Von Willebrand's Disease Mary E. Eberst 213 Hereditary Hemolytic Anemias Mary E. Eberst 214 Acquired Hemolytic Anemias Mary E. Eberst 215 Blood Transfusions and Component Therapy Mary E. Eberst 216 Exogenous Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents Stephen D. Emond, John R. Cooke, J. Stephan Stapczynski 217 Emergency Complications of Malignancy John J. Sverha, Marc Borenstein Section Seventeen Neurology 218 The Neurologic Examination in the Emergency Setting Hubert S. Mickel 219 Headache and Facial Pain Michael Schull 220 Stroke, Transient Ischemic Attack, and Other Central Focal Conditions Phillip A. Scott, William G. Barsan 221 Altered Mental Status and Coma J. Stephen Huff 222 Ataxia and Gait Disturbances J. Stephen Huff 223 Vertigo and Dizziness Brian Goldman 224 Seizures and Status Epilepticus in Adults Christina Catlett Viola 225 Acute Peripheral Neurologic Lesions Michael M. Wang 226 Chronic Neurologic Disorders Edward P. Sloan 227 Meningitis, Encephalitis, and Brain Abscess Keith E. Loring, David C. Anderson, Alan J. Kozak 228 Complications of CNS Devices Joseph Pagane 229 Approach to Neuroimaging in the Emergency Department Norman J. Beauchamp, Jr. Section Eighteen Eye, Ear, Nose, Throat, and Oral Surgery 230 Ocular Emergencies John D. Mitchell 231 Common Disorders of the External, Middle, and Inner Ear Anne Tintinalli, Michael Lucchesi 232 Face and Jaw Emergencies W. F. Peacock IV 233 Nasal Emergencies and Sinusitis Thomas A. Waters, W. F. Peacock IV 234 Oral and Dental Emergencies Ronald W. Beaudreau 235 Disorders of the Neck and Upper Airway Theresa A. Hackeling, Rudolph J. Triana, Jr. 236 Complications of Airway Devices Rudolph J. Triana, Jr., Theresa A. Hackeling Section Nineteen Disorders of the Skin 237 Approach to the Dermatologic Patient in the Emergency Department William J. Brady, Marcus L. Martin 238 Disorders of the Face and Scalp Lisa May 239 Disorders of the Hands, Feet, and Extremities Lisa May 240 Disorders of the Groin and Skin Folds Lisa May 241 Generalized Skin Disorders William J. Brady, Daniel J. DeBehnke 242 Infestations and Bug Bites Lisa May Section Twenty Trauma 243 Initial Approach to Trauma Edward E. Cornwell III 244 Pediatric Trauma William E. Hauda II 245 Geriatric Trauma O. John Ma, Daniel J. DeBehnke 246 Trauma in Pregnancy Nelson Tang 247 Head Injury Thomas D. Kirsch, Salvatore Migliore, Teresita M. Hogan 248 Spinal Cord Injuries Bonny J. Baron, Thomas M. Scalea 249 Maxillofacial Trauma Stephen A. Colucciello 250 Penetrating and Blunt Neck Trauma Bonny J. Baron 251 Thoracic Trauma William M. Bowling, Robert F. Wilson, Gabor D. Kelen, Timothy G. Buchman 252 Abdominal Injuries Thomas M. Scalea, Sharon A. Boswell 253 Penetrating Trauma to the Flank and Buttock Alasdair K. T. Conn 254 Genitourinary Trauma Gabor D. Kelen 255 Penetrating Trauma to the Extremities Richard D. Zane, Allan Kumar 256 Wound Ballistics Jeremy J. Hollerman, Martin L. Fackler 257 Forensics John E. Smialek 258 Injury Control Arthur L. Kellermann, Knox H. Todd Section Twenty-One Injuries to Bones, Joints, and Soft Tissues 259 Early Evaluation and Management of Orthopedic Injuries Jeffrey S. Menkes 260 Injuries to the Hand and Digits Robert L. Muelleman 261 Injuries to the Elbow and Forearm Dennis T. Uehara, Harold W. Chin 262 Wrist Injuries Harold W. Chin, Dennis T. Uehara 263 Injuries to the Shoulder Complex and Humerus Dennis T. Uehara, John P. Rudzinski 264 Injuries to the Spine James L. Larson, Jr. 265 Trauma to the Pelvis, Hip, and Femur Mark T. Steele 266 Knee Injuries Mark T. Steele 267 Leg Injuries Paul R. Haller, Ernest Ruiz 268 Ankle Injuries John A. Michael, Ian G. Stiell 269 Foot Injuries John A. Michael, Ian G. Stiell 270 Compartment Syndromes Ernest Ruiz 271 Rhabdomyolysis Francis L. Counselman 272 Orthopedic Devices and Reconstructions Scott S. Kelley, Harrison A. Latimer Section Twenty-Two Nontraumatic Musculoskeletal Disorders 273 Neck Pain Myron M. LaBan 274 Thoracic and Lumbar Pain Syndromes Paul J. W. Tawney, Cara B. Siegel, Myron M. LaBan 275 Shoulder Pain D. Monte Hunter 276 Emergencies in Systemic Rheumatic Diseases Mary Chester Morgan Wasko 277 Hand Infections Mark W. Fourre 278 Acute Disorders of the Joints and Bursae John H. Burton 279 Soft Tissue Problems of the Foot Frantz R. Melio Section Twenty-Three Psychosocial Disorders 280 Behavioral Disorders: Clinical Features Douglas A. Rund 281 Behavioral Disorders: Emergency Assessment and Stabilization Jeffery C. Hutzler, Douglas A. Rund 282 Psychotropic Medications Richard A. Nockowitz, Douglas A. Rund 283 Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa Alexander H. Sackeyfio, Susan J. Gottlieb 284 Panic Disorder Susan L. Siegfreid, Linda Meredith Nicholas 285 Conversion Disorder (Reactions) Gregory P. Moore, Kenneth C. Jackimczyk 286 Breaking Bad News: Notifying the Living of Death James E. Brown, Glenn C. Hamilton 287 Patients Who Abuse Alcohol and Other Drugs: Emergency Department Identification, Intervention, and Referral Edward Bernstein, Judith Bernstein, Gail D'Onofrio 288 Physician Well-Being Sanford H. Koltonow Section Twenty-Four Abuse and Assault 289 Child Abuse and Neglect Carol D. Berkowitz 290 Female and Male Sexual Assault Kim M. Feldhaus 291 Domestic Violence Patricia R. Salber, Ellen H. Taliaferro 292 Abuse in the Elderly and Impaired Ellen H. Taliaferro, Patricia R. Salber 293 Violence in the Emergency Department Marshall C. McCoy Section Twenty-Five Principles of Imaging 294 Contrast Studies John Eng 295 Principles of Emergency Department Sonography Scott W. Melanson, Michael B. Heller 296 Principles of Emergency Department Use of Computed Tomography Stephanie Abbuhl, Patti J. Herling 297 Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Principles and Some Applications Irwin D. Weisman Section Twenty-Six Special Patients 298 Intravenous Drug Users Sarah A. Stahmer, Suzanne M. Shepherd 299 The Alcohol-Abusing Patient William A. Berk 300 The Elder Patient Arthur B. Sanders 301 Adults with Physical Disabilities Cara B. Siegel, Paul J. W. Tawney 302 The Mentally Retarded Adult Linmarie Sikich, L. Jarrett Barnhill 303 The Homeless Patient Rama B. Rao, Lewis R. Goldfrank 304 The Morbidly Obese Patient Robert J. Vissers, Kathleen A. Raftery