Commercial aviation safety

Chapter 1 The Regulatory Framework 1 Introduction 2 Air Mail Service 3 Early Safety Legislation 3 Early Economic Legislation 5 Industry Growth after World War II 6 The Federal Aviation Agency 7 Airline Deregulation 8 Commercial Aviation Defined 9 The Commuter Safety Initiative 10 The White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security 12 The National Airspace System 13 Key Terms 14 Review Questions 15 Suggested Reading 16 Chapter 2 Safety Data Analysis 17 Introduction 18 Safety Factors 20 Measurement data 21 Nonaccident safety data 21 Incidents 22 Accident Causes and Types 26 Primary safety factors 27 Secondary and tertiary safety factors 29 Manufacturers’ analysis of the causes 30 Boeing’s statistical summary 33 Commercial Aviation Accident Statistics 40 The 1980s 45 The 1990s 50 Concluding Remarks 55 Key Terms 57 Review Questions 57 Suggested Reading 58 Chapter 3 Measuring Air Transportation Safety 59 Accident Investigation 61 Incidents 62 Characteristics of incident reporting 62 Incident Reporting Systems 63 Mandatory incident reporting systems 63 Voluntary incident reporting systems 64 Reporting Systems in the United States 64 Federal Aviation Administration 65 National Transportation Safety Board 72 National Aeronautics and Space Administration 72 Research and Special Programs Administration 74 Automatic Recording Systems 76 International Exchange of Safety Data 77 ICAO ADREP system 77 Other ICAO safety information 78 Conclusion 78 Key Terms 78 Review Questions 79 Suggested Reading 80 Chapter 4 The Nature of Accidents 81 Introduction 82 Historical Sketch of the 5-M Factors 83 Air traffic control 86 Man 89 Machine 90 Medium 92 Mission 93 Management 93 Risk Management 94 Conclusion 95 Key Terms 96 Review Questions 97 Suggested Reading 98 Chapter 5 Human Factors in Aviation Safety 99 Introduction 101 Human Factors 102 Human Performance 102 Physiological and psychological factors 103 Risk taking 104 Knowledge and skill 105 Human relationships 105 Effective team participation 108 Concluding remarks 109 Other Areas of Human-Factor Study 110 Pilot selection and training 112 Cockpit Automation 115 Air traffic control automation 116 Air-to-ground communication 116 Management Practices 117 Federal Responsibilities in Human Factors 118 FAA 118 NTSB 119 NASA 119 Airline Industry Responsibilities in Human Factors 120 The role of labor 122 Conclusion 122 Key Terms 122 Review Questions 123 Suggested Reading 124 Chapter 6 Air Traffic System Technologies 127 Introduction 129 The National Airspace System Plan 131 NAS Modernization 132 Components of the plan 133 Communications 133 Navigation 134 Advantages of satellite-based navigation 136 Surveillance 137 Aviation weather 138 Avionics 139 Operational planning 140 Airport surface operations 142 Departures and arrivals 144 En-route/oceanic 145 Free Flight Phase 1 146 Implementation schedule 149 Funding the NAS modernization plan 151 Key Terms 152 Review Questions 154 Suggested Reading 154 Chapter 7 Aircraft Technologies 157 Introduction 159 Jet Engine Development 161 The Long-Range Commercial Jet Transport Era 163 High-lift systems 164 Stopping systems 166 Flying qualities 167 Structural integrity 170 Environment 172 Windshear 173 Volcanic ash 174Ice and precipitation 175 The Flight Deck and Human-Machine Interface 175 Crew alerting 178 Flight deck 180 B-747-400 180 Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System 181 Fight management system 182 Multiple flight control computers 182 Central maintenance and computer system 183 Takeoff and landing flight procedures 183 Enabling Tools and Testing 185 Computational fluid dynamics 185 Wind tunnel 187 Piloted simulation 188 Structural tests 189 Integrated Aircraft Systems Laboratory (IASL) 189 Flight test 189 Accident/incident investigation 190 Future Aircraft Technologies 190 Weather detection 191 Navigation and air traffic management 191 Flight deck of the future 192 Key Terms 199 Review Questions 199 Suggested Reading 200 Chapter 8 The FAA, Flight Standards and Rulemaking 203 Introduction 204 Flight Standards Service 205 Flight Standards Service mission 206 Functional organization of the Flight Standards Service 207 Air Carrier Responsibilities for Safety 209 FAA Safety Inspection Program 210 Inspector workload 212 Air Transportation Oversight System 213 Centralized analysis of data 214 Reexamination of air carriers 214 Public complaints 215 Aging Aircraft 215 FAA Rulemaking 220 Rulemaking process 221 Problem areas 223 Key Terms 224 Review Questions 225 Suggested Reading 226 Chapter 9 Airline Safety 227 Introduction 229 Early Involvement of Management in Accident Prevention 229 Management’s Role Today 230 Accident-Prevention Tasks versus Functions 231 Accident-prevention tasks 232 Corporate Safety and Compliance 235 Departmental Responsibilities 237 Flight safety responsibility 238 Flight safety process 240 Safety performance monitoring 241 Feedback of Safety Information 242 Safety communications 242 The Role of ALPA in Air Safety 247 Local structure 247 Technical committees 248 Accident investigation 249 Special project committees 249 Line pilot input 250 Flight Safety Foundation 251 Key Terms 252 Review Questions 253 Suggested Reading 254 Chapter 10 Managing Human Error 255 Introduction 257 Corrective Actions 258 Revised procedures 258 Checklist design and usage 259 Paperwork reduction and management 260 Workload management 261 Improved communication 261 Documentation 262 Warning and alerting systems 263 Simplification versus automation 264 Standardization of cockpit hardware 266 Training 267 Overall training curriculum 267 General corrective actions through training 267 Specific corrective actions through training 268 The Role of Government 268 Rulemaking authority 269 Enforcement and discipline 270 The ATC system 270 The Impact of Cockpit Automation on Human Error 271 Error protection 272 Feedback and feedforward mechanisms 272 Error displays 273 System recovery 273 Conclusions 274 Key Terms 275 Review Questions 275 Suggested Reading 276 Chapter 11 The NTSB and Accident Investigations 279 The National Transportation Safety Board 280 Organization of the Board 283 Investigating a Major Commercial Aviation Accident 287 The party process 288 The go-team 289 At the site 289 The laboratory 291 Accident report preparation 291 The safety recommendation 292 The public hearing 293 The final accident report 294 Investigating a general-aviation accident 295 The role of the NTSB in international aviation accident investigations 295 Family assistance and the Office of Family Affairs 295 FAA responsibilities during an investigation 296 Other Functions of the NTSB 297 Key Terms 298 Review Questions 298 Suggested Reading 299 Chapter 12 Security and Safety 301 Introduction 302 The Regulatory Movement 304 Federal Bureaucracy and Security 307 The Role of Intelligence 308 Measuring the Threat 309 International Influences 310 Security and Drug Interdiction 313 TWA 800: A Turning Point 314 New Security Technology 317 Computer-assisted passenger screening 318 Strengthening aircraft and baggage containers 319 Antiterrorism Act of 1996 320 Nontechnological Approaches 321 Key Terms 322 Review Questions 323 Suggested Reading 323 Appendix A Major Accident Investigations during the 1980s and 1990s 325 Introduction 328 Major NTSB Investigations during the Early 1980s 329 Air Florida, January 13, 1982, and World Airways, January 23, 1982 329 Pan American World Airways, July 9, 1982 332 Inflight fire 334 Air Canada, August 16, 1983 335 Human performance 337 Air Illinois, October 11, 1983 339 Midair collisions 340 Airport safety 342 Major NTSB Investigations during the Late 1980s 344 Delta Airlines, August 2, 1985 345 Runway incursions 347 Commuter airline safety 348 xii Cabin safety 351 Rise in near-midair collisions during 1987 353 Limited airspace 355 Flight recorders 356 Other activities during 1987 356 Aging aircraft 357 Experience and crew coordination in the cockpit 358 Commuter airlines 360 Crew resource management 365 Major NTSB Investigations during the Early 1990s 365 Avianca Airlines, January 25, 1990 365 Northwest Airlines, December 3, 1990 367 USAir, February 1, 1991 368 United Airlines, #811—revised report 371 Flight attendants’ proficiency 373 Air Transport International, February 15, 1992 374 United Airlines, March 3, 1991 375 USAir, March 22, 1992 377 TWA, July 30, 1992 379 JAL, March 31, 1993 380 Runway overruns 381 Aircraft design 382 USAir, July 2, 1994 383 Simmons Airlines, October 31, 1994 385 Major NTSB Investigations during the Late 1990s 385 ValuJet, June 8, 1995 385 Atlantic Southeast Airlines, August 21, 1995 386 American Airlines, November 12, 1995 387 Tower Air, December 20, 1995 387 American Airlines, December 20, 1995 388 ValuJet, May 11, 1996 389 TWA, July 17, 1996 390 Runway incursions 394 Aviation weather forecasting research 394 Turbulence 396 English language proficiency 397 Review Questions 397 Appendix B NTSB Aircraft Accident Reports 401 Index 415 Contents xiii