Water treatment plant design

Chapter 1. The Challenge of Water Treatment Plant Design Thomas J. Lane 1.1 Today's Challenges / 1.2 Development of Water Treatment Design Projects / 1.4 The Purpose of This Text / 1.5 Bibliography / 1.6 Chapter 2. Master Planning and Treatment Process Selection George P. Fulton 2.1 The Master Plan / 2.1 Water Quality Goals / 2.4 Treatment Options / 2.9 Chapter 3. Design and Construction R. Gary Fuller 3.1 Preliminary Design / 3.1 Final Design / 3.5 Construction Assistance / 3.10 Bibliography / 3.12 Chapter 4. Intake Facilities Steven N. Foellmi 4.1 Intake Features / 4.1 Types of Intake Systems / 4.3 Intake Design / 4.15 Intake Design Considerations / 4.21 Racks and Screens / 4.31 Bibliography / 4.34 Chapter 5. Aeration and Air Stripping John E. Dyksen 5.1 Uses of Aeration/Air Stripping / 5.1 Types of Aeration/Air Stripping Equipment / 5.2 iii iv CONTENTS Principles of Air Stripping and Aeration / 5.8 Design of Aeration/Air Stripping Processes / 5.10 Pilot Testing / 5.22 Bibliography / 5.24 Chapter 6. Mixing, Coagulation, and Flocculation Paul J. Delphos and George M. Wesner 6.1 Definitions ! 6.1 The Coagulation Process / 6.2 Coagulation and Membrane Technology / 6.5 Design of Chemical Mixing / 6.6 Flocculation Process Design / 6.14 Process Monitoring and Control / 6.23 Bibliography / 6.25 Chapter 7. Clarification John F. Willis 7.1 Conventional Clarification Design / 7.1 High-RateClarification / 7.22 Solids Contact/Slurry Recirculation Units / 7.28 Sludge Blanket Clarification / 7.32 Dissolved Air Flotation / 7.36 Contact Clarification / 7.40 Bibliography / 7.43 Chapter 8. High-Rate Granular Media Filtration Kevin Castro, Gary Logsdon, and Stephen R. Martin 8.1 Mechanism of Filtration / 8.2 Design Considerations / 8.2 Filter Design Criteria / 8.36 Filter Operation and Maintenance / 8.37 Bibliography / 8.41 Chapter 9. Slow Sand and Diatomaceous Earth Filtration Michael V. Broder and John C. Byron 9.1 Slow Sand Filtration / 9.2 Diatomaceous Earth Filtration / 9.16 Bibliography / 9.29 Chapter 10. Oxidation and Disinfection James C. Hesby 10.1 Regulatory Framework / 10.2 Chemical Oxidation Treatment / 10.10 Chlorination / 10.13 Chlorine Dioxide Systems / 10.34 Ozone Disinfection Systems / 10.39 Bibliography / 10.59 Chapter 11. Lime Softening and Leland L. Harms CONTENTS Michael B. Hor$1ey, Ooug B. Elder, P.E., 11.1 Water Hardness and Softening Treatment / lI.1 Pretreatment / 11.5 Lime Softening Processes / 11.6 Softening Process Basins / 11.13 Special Lime Softening Design Considerations / 11.16 Future Trends in Softening / 11.19 Bibliography / 11.19 Chapter 12. Ion Exchange Applications in Water Treatment Michael C. Gottlieb 12.1 Introduction / 12.1 The Ion Exchange Process / 12.6 Cation Exchange Process / 12.9 Anion Exchange Processes / 12.12 Demineralization / 12.30 Basics of Equipment Design / 12.32 Regeneration Methods / 12.33 Boundaries between Suppliers, Consultants, and Users / 12.53 Future Trends in Ion Exchange / 12.54 Bibliography / 12.54 Chapter 13. Membrane Processes Robert A. Bergman, P.E. 13.1 Types of Membrane Processes / 13.1 Membrane System Components and Design Considerations / 13.8 Membrane Unit Design / 13.25 Other Membrane Process Design Considerations / 13.41 Bibliography / 13.48 Chapter 14. Activated Carbon Processes Richard D. Brady 14.1 Characteristics of Activated Carbon / 14.1 Design of Powdered Activated Carbon Facilities / 14.4 Design of Granular Activated Carbon Facilities / 14.9 Regeneration of Granular Activated Carbon / 14.33 Bibliography / 14.37 Chapter 15. Chemicals and Chemical Handling Jerry L. Anderson, P.E. 15.1 Receiving and Storing Process Chemicals / 15.1 Chemical Feed and Metering Systems / 15.17 Designing for Safety and Hazardous Conditions / 15.41 Recent Trends in Chemical Handling and Use / 15.50 Bibliography / 15.53 Vi CONTENTS Chapter 16. Hydraulics Peter d. Barthuly 16.1 Hydraulic Design / 16.1 Head Loss Types and Calculations / 16.5 Hydraulic Design Hints / 16.11 Ancillary Hydraulic Design / 16.13 Bibliography ! 16.15 Chapter 17. Process Residuals Brian E. Peck end Jerry S. Russell 17.1 Sludge Types, Quantities, and Characteristics / 17.4 Process Residual Disposal Methods / 17.9 Residuals Disposal Regulatory Requirements / 17.12 Design Considerations and Criteria / 17.16 Residuals Handling Considerations / 17.58 Additional Information Sources / 17.67 Acknowledgment / 17.68 Bibliography / 17.68 Chapter 18. Architectural Design Philip C. Zimmerman 18.1 The Role of the Architect in Water Treatment Plant Design / 18.1 Facilities Design / 18.5 Construction Alternatives and Building Material Selection / 18.14 Design Standard-Promulgating Organizations and Organizations Offering Design Recommendations / 18.17 Chapter 19. Structural Design Ralph T. Eberts and Todd F. Schellhase 19.1 The Design Process / 19.1 Structural Design Considerations / 19.2 Design of Basins, Vaults, Large Conduits, and Channels / 19.10 Buildings and Superstructures / 19.12 Bibliography / 19.13 Chapter 20. Process Instrumentation and Controls Dave Kubel 20.1 Process and Operational Control Strategies / 20.2 Control System Design / 20.15 Instrumentation / 20.30 Bibliography / 20.42 Chapter 21. Electrical Systems John H. Wiedeman 21.1 Introduction / 21.1 Codes and Standards / 21.1 Electrical Distribution Systems / 21.3 Transformers / 21.4 Motors and Controllers / 21.5 CONTENTS vii Lighting / 21.8 Lightning Protection ! 21.9 Power Factor Correction / 21.10 Acceptance Testing / 21.10 Maintenance / 21.11 Chapter 22. Design Reliability Features John E. Spitko, Jr., P.E. 22.1 Introduction / 22.1 Reliability and Redundancy Concepts / 22.1 Overall Water Supply System Reliability / 22.3 Design Concepts / 22.5 Design Principles and Practices / 22.8 Operation and Maintenance / 22.14 References / 22.15 Chapter 23. Site Selection and Plant Arrangement Darryl J. Corbin 23.1 Water Treatment Plant Site Selection / 23.1 Arrangement of Water Treatment Plant Facilities / 23.22 Bibliography / 23.36 Chapter 24. Environmental Impact and Project Permitting Philip C. Kennedy and Jane W. Wheeler 24.1 Environmental Issues Associated with Plant Construction / 24.1 Environmental Issues Associated with Plant Operations / 24.5 Project Permitting / 24.12 Integration of Environmental Issues and Regulatory Compliance into Plant Design, Construction, and Operation / 24.16 Bibliography / 24.18 Chapter 25. Operations and Maintenance Considerations during Plant Design Richard A. Rohan, P.E., and Stephen F. Baker 25.1 Design Considerations for Plant Operations and Maintenance / 25.1 Preparing a Plant for Start-Up / 25.18 Chapter 26. Water Treatment Plant Construction Cost Estimating Ronald F. Cilensek 26.1 Introduction / 26.1 Level of Estimates / 26.2 Estimating Methodologies / 26.4 Special Cost Considerations / 26.6 Finalizing the Cost Estimate / 26.8 Bibliography / 26.10 viii CONTENTS Chapter 27. Operator Training and Plant Start-Up and John Gasser Thomas E. Arn 27,1 Training and Start-Up Considerations / 27.1 Design-Phase Training / 27.2 Construction-Phase Training, Start-Up, and Post-Start-Up / 27.5 Chapter 28. Pilot Plant Design and Construction Robert A. Stoops 28.1 Pilot Plant Studies / 28.2 Pilot Plant Design / 28.3 Pilot Plant Construction / 28.21 Bibliography / 28.25 Chapter 29. Ultraviolet Disinfection Paul D. Swaim, P.E., Christine A. Cotton, P.Eo, and Samuel S. Jeyanayagam, Ph.D., P.E., D.E.E. 29.1 Principles of UV Disinfection / 29.2 Applications for UV Disinfection / 29.6 UV Disinfection Equipment / 29.8 Water Quality and Treatment Effects on UV Disinfection / 29.15 UV Disinfection Facility Planning, Design, and Project Implementation / 29.19 Construction, Testing, Start-Up, and O&M / 29.35 Potential Regulatory Requirements for UV Disinfection in North America / 29.38 Validation Testing / 29.43 Bibliography / 29.45 Chapter 30. Water Treatment Plant Security John M. Winslow 30.1 Water Quality / 30.2 Barriers / 30.2 Electronic Security Systems / 30.3 CCTV / 30.5 Procedures / 30.6 Bibliography / 30.7 Appendix A. Properties and Characteristics of Water Treatment Chemicals Jerry L. Anderson, P.E. A.1 Appendix B. Abbreviations Commonly Used in the Water Industry B.1