Harrison's manual of medicine,16th

Contributors xiii Preface xv SECTION 1 CARE OF THE HOSPITALIZED PATIENT 1 Initial Evaluation and Admission Orders for the General Medicine Patient 1 2 Assessment of Nutritional Status 2 3 Electrolytes/Acid-Base Balance 5 4 Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition 14 5 Transfusion and Pheresis Therapy 17 6 Principles of Critical Care Medicine 19 7 Respiratory Failure 22 8 Pain and Its Management 23 9 Procedures Commonly Performed by Internists 28 10 Diagnostic Imaging in Internal Medicine 32 11 Gastrointestinal Diseases 34 SECTION 2 MEDICAL EMERGENCIES 12 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 39 13 Cardiovascular Collapse and Sudden Death 41 14 Shock 44 15 Sepsis and Septic Shock 49 16 Acute Pulmonary Edema 53 17 Confusion, Stupor, and Coma 54 18 Stroke 58 19 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 66 20 Increased Intracranial Pressure and Head Trauma 67 21 Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy 69 22 Status Epilepticus 72 23 Poisoning and Drug Overdose 74 24 Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Coma 89 25 Hypoglycemia 91 26 Infectious Disease Emergencies 94 27 Oncologic Emergencies 101 28 Anaphylaxis 105 29 Bites, Venoms, Stings, and Marine Poisonings 106 30 Hypothermia and Frostbite 115 31 Bioterrorism 118 SECTION 3 COMMON PATIENT PRESENTATIONS 32 Chest Pain 133 33 Abdominal Pain 136 34 Headache 139 35 Back and Neck Pain 147 36 Fever, Hyperthermia, Chills, and Rash 156 37 Pain or Swelling of Joints 161 38 Syncope and Faintness 164 39 Dizziness and Vertigo 168 40 Acute Visual Loss and Double Vision 171 v For more information about this title, click here 41 Paralysis and Movement Disorders 175 42 Aphasias and Related Disorders 179 43 SleepDisorders 181 44 Dyspnea 185 45 Cough and Hemoptysis 187 46 Cyanosis 192 47 Edema 194 48 Nausea, Vomiting, and Indigestion 197 49 Weight Loss 201 50 Dysphagia 203 51 Acute Abdomen 206 52 Diarrhea, Constipation, and Malabsorption 208 53 Gastrointestinal Bleeding 214 54 Jaundice and Evaluation of Liver Function 218 55 Ascites 224 56 Azotemia and Urinary Abnormalities 227 57 Anemia and Polycythemia 232 58 Lymphadenopathy and Splenomegaly 235 SECTION 4 DISORDERS OF THE EYE, EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT 59 Common Disorders of Vision and Hearing 241 60 Infections of the Upper Respiratory Tract 248 SECTION 5 DERMATOLOGY 61 General Examination of the Skin 255 62 Common Skin Conditions 259 SECTION 6 HEMATOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY 63 Examination of Blood Smears and Bone Marrow 265 64 Red Blood Cell Disorders 267 65 Leukocytosis and Leukopenia 272 66 Bleeding and Thrombotic Disorders 275 67 Prevention and Early Detection of Cancer 280 68 Cancer Chemotherapy 284 69 Myeloid Leukemias, Myelodysplasia, and Myeloproliferative Syndrome 290 70 Lymphoid Malignancies 296 71 Skin Cancer 307 72 Head and Neck Cancer 309 73 Lung Cancer 310 74 Breast Cancer 316 75 Tumors of the Gastrointestinal Tract 320 76 Genitourinary Tract Cancer 331 77 Gynecologic Cancer 334 78 Prostate Hyperplasia and Carcinoma 338 79 Cancer of Unknown Primary Site 341 80 Paraneoplastic Endocrine Syndromes 344 81 Neurologic Paraneoplastic Syndromes 346 vi CONTENTS SECTION 7 INFECTIOUS DISEASES 82 Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 351 83 Antibacterial Therapy 360 84 Immunization andAd vice to Travelers 365 85 Infective Endocarditis 372 86 Intraabdominal Infections 380 87 Infectious Diarrheas 383 88 Sexually Transmitted Diseases andReprod uctive Tract Infections 393 89 Infections of the Skin, Soft Tissues, Joints, andBones 408 90 Infections in the ImmunocompromisedHost 417 91 HIV Infection andAIDS 424 92 Hospital-AcquiredInfections 442 93 Pneumococcal Infections 445 94 Staphylococcal Infections 448 95 Streptococcal/Enterococcal Infections, Diphtheria, and Other Corynebacterial Infections 455 96 Meningococcal andListerial Infections 462 97 Infections Causedby Haemophilus, Bordetella, Moraxella, andHACEK Group Organisms 466 98 Diseases Causedby Gram- Negative Enteric Bacteria, Pseudomonas, and Legionella 471 99 Infections Causedby Other Gram-Negative Bacilli 479 100 Anaerobic Infections 485 101 Nocardiosis and Actinomycosis 492 102 Tuberculosis andOther Mycobacterial Infections 495 103 Lyme Disease andOther Nonsyphilitic Spirochetal Infections 506 104 Rickettsial Diseases 510 105 Mycoplasma Infections 516 106 Chlamydial Infections 517 107 Herpesvirus Infections 520 108 Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr Virus Infections 529 109 Influenza andOther Viral Respiratory Diseases 533 110 Rubeola, Rubella, Mumps, andParvovirus Infections 539 111 Enteroviral Infections 544 112 Insect- andAnimal-Borne Viral Infections 547 113 Fungal Infections 555 114 Pneumocystis Infection 565 115 Protozoal Infections 569 116 Helminthic Infections 580 SECTION 8 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES 117 Physical Examination of the Heart 593 118 Electrocardiography and Echocardiography 596 119 Valvular Heart Disease 603 120 Cardiomyopathies and Myocarditis 609 121 Pericardial Disease 612 122 Hypertension 616 123 ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) 621 124 Chronic Stable Angina, Unstable Angina, andNon- ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction 631 CONTENTS vii 125 Arrhythmias 638 126 Congestive Heart Failure and Cor Pulmonale 648 127 Diseases of the Aorta 653 128 Peripheral Vascular Disease 655 129 Pulmonary Hypertension 658 SECTION 9 RESPIRATORY DISEASES 130 Respiratory Function and Pulmonary Diagnostic Procedures 663 131 Asthma and Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis 668 132 Environmental Lung Diseases 673 133 Chronic Bronchitis, Emphysema, and Acute or Chronic Respiratory Failure 675 134 Pneumonia and Lung Abscess 679 135 Pulmonary Thromboembolism 685 136 Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) 687 137 Diseases of the Pleura, Mediastinum, and Diaphragm 691 138 Disorders of Ventilation, Including SleepAp nea 695 SECTION 10 RENAL DISEASES 139 Approach to the Patient with Renal Disease 699 140 Acute Renal Failure 702 141 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and Uremia 707 142 Dialysis 709 143 Renal Transplantation 711 144 Glomerular Diseases 713 145 Renal Tubular Disease 720 146 Urinary Tract Infections 724 147 Renovascular Disease 728 148 Nephrolithiasis 731 149 Urinary Tract Obstruction 734 SECTION 11 GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES 150 Peptic Ulcer and Related Disorders 737 151 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 742 152 Colonic and Anorectal Diseases 746 153 Cholelithiasis, Cholecystitis, and Cholangitis 749 154 Pancreatitis 753 155 Acute Hepatitis 757 156 Chronic Hepatitis 762 157 Cirrhosis and Alcoholic Liver Disease 766 158 Portal Hypertension 769 viii CONTENTS SECTION 12 ALLERGY, CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY, AND RHEUMATOLOGY 159 Diseases of Immediate Type Hypersensitivity 773 160 Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases 776 161 SLE, RA, and Other Connective Tissue Diseases 779 162 Vasculitis 785 163 Ankylosing Spondylitis 788 164 Psoriatic Arthritis 791 165 Reactive Arthritis and Reiter’s Syndrome 792 166 Osteoarthritis 794 167 Gout, Pseudogout, and Related Diseases 796 168 Other Arthritides 799 169 Sarcoidosis 802 170 Amyloidosis 804 SECTION 13 ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 171 Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus 807 172 Disorders of the Posterior Pituitary 813 173 Disorders of the Thyroid 815 174 Disorders of the Adrenal Gland 823 175 Obesity 828 176 Diabetes Mellitus 830 177 Disorders of the Male Reproductive System 835 178 Disorders of the Female Reproductive System 839 179 Hypercalcemic and Hypocalcemic Disorders 847 180 Osteoporosis and Osteomalacia 852 181 Disorders of Lipid Metabolism 855 182 Hemochromatosis, Porphyrias, and Wilson’s Disease 861 SECTION 14 NEUROLOGY 183 The Neurologic Examination 867 184 Neuroimaging 873 185 Seizures and Epilepsy 875 186 Tumors of the Nervous System 883 187 Acute Meningitis and Encephalitis 886 188 Chronic Meningitis 896 189 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) 899 190 Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias 904 191 Parkinson’s Disease 910 192 Ataxic Disorders 914 193 ALS and Other Motor Neuron Diseases 917 194 Trigeminal Neuralgia, Bell’s Palsy, and Other Cranial Nerve Disorders 920 195 Autonomic Nervous System Disorders 925 196 Spinal Cord Diseases 932 197 Peripheral Neuropathies, Including Guillain-Barre´ Syndrome 936 198 Myasthenia Gravis (MG) 942 199 Muscle Diseases 944 200 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 952 CONTENTS ix SECTION 15 PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCE USE 201 Psychiatric Disorders 955 202 Psychiatric Medications 962 203 Eating Disorders 969 204 Alcoholism 972 205 Narcotic Abuse 975 SECTION 16 ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS 206 Adverse Drug Reactions 979 SECTION 17 WOMEN’S HEALTH 207 Women’s Health 989 SECTION 18 SCREENING AND DISEASE PREVENTION 208 Health Maintenance and Disease Prevention 991 SECTION 19 LABORATORY VALUES 209 Appendix: Laboratory Values of Clinical Importance 995 Index 1011