Water and wastewater calculations manual

Chapter 1. Streams and Rivers 1 1 General 2 2 Point Source Dilution 2 3 Discharge Measurement 3 4 Time of Travel 4 5 Dissolved Oxygen and Water Temperature 5 6 Biochemical Oxygen Demand Analysis 10 7 Streeter–Phelps Oxygen Sag Formula 13 8 BOD Models and K1Computation 14 9 Determination of Reaeration Rate Constant K2 41 10 Sediment Oxygen Demand 49 11 Organic Sludge Deposits 52 12 Photosynthesis and Respiration 54 13 Natural Self-Purification in Streams 55 14 SOD of DO Usage 78 15 Apportionment of Stream Users 79 16 Velz Reaeration Curve (A Pragmatic Approach) 87 17 Stream DO Model (A Pragmatic Approach) 92 18 Biological Factors 107 References 121 Chapter 2. Lakes and Reservoirs 125 1 Lakes and Impoundment Impairments 125 2 Lake Morphometry 126 3 Water Quality Models 130 4 Evaporation 131 5 The Clean Lakes Program 137 References 176 For more information about this title, click here Chapter 3. Groundwater 179 1 Definition 180 2 Hydrogeologic Parameters 184 3 Steady Flows in Aquifers 195 4 Anisotropic Aquifers 197 5 Unsteady (Nonequilibrium) Flows 198 6 Groundwater Contamination 211 7 Setback Zones 217 References 224 Chapter 4. Fundamental and Treatment Plant Hydraulics 227 1 Definitions and Fluid Properties 228 2 Water Flow in Pipes 236 3Pumps 265 4 Water Flow in Open Channels 272 5 Flow Measurements 291 References 306 Chapter 5. Public Water Supply 307 1 Sources and Quantity of Water 308 2 Population Estimates 311 3 Water Requirements 315 4 Regulations for Water Quality 321 5 Water Treatment Processes 342 6 Aeration and Air Stripping 343 7 Solubility Equilibrium 368 8 Coagulation 371 9 Flocculation 380 10 Sedimentation 384 11 Filtration 392 12 Water Softening 404 13 Ion Exchange 417 14 Iron and Manganese Removal 435 15 Activated Carbon Adsorption 440 16 Membrane Processes 444 17 Residual from Water Plant 458 18 Disinfection 463 19 Water Fluoridation 506 20 Health Risks 513 References 525 Chapter 6. Wastewater Engineering 531 1 What Is Wastewater? 533 2 Characteristics of Wastewater 533 3 Sewer Systems 542 4 Quantity of Wastewater 545 vi Contents 5 Urban Stormwater Management 549 6 Design of Storm Drainage Systems 551 7 Precipitation and Runoff 551 8 Stormwater Quality 556 9 Sewer Hydraulics 562 10 Sewer Appurtenances 562 11 Pumping Stations 568 12 Sewer Construction 572 13 Wastewater Treatment Systems 574 14 Screening Devices 581 15 Comminutors 586 16 Grit Chamber 586 17 Flow Equalization 588 18 Sedimentation 592 19 Primary Sedimentation Tanks 607 20 Biological (Secondary) Treatment Systems 617 21 Activated-Sludge Process 621 22 Trickling Filter 696 23 Rotating Biological Contactor 711 24 Dual Biological Treatment 726 25 Stabilization Ponds 726 26 Secondary Clarifier 735 27 Effluent Disinfection 742 28 Advanced Wastewater Treatment 752 29 Sludge (Residuals) Treatment and Management 796 30 Wetlands 861 References 884 Appendix A. Illinois Environmental Protection Agency’s Macroinvertebrate Tolerance List 893 Appendix B. Well Function for Confined Aquifers 899 Appendix C. Solubility Product Constants for Solution at or near Room Temperature 905 Appendix D. Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm Constants for Toxic Organic Compounds 909 Appendix E. Factors for Conversion 913