Facility piping systems handbook : for industrial, commercial, and healthcare facilities 3rd

Chapter 1. Codes and Standards 1.1 General / 1.1 American Gas Association (AGA) / 1.2 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) / 1.2 American Petroleum Institute (API) / 1.2 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) / 1.2 American Society of Plumbing Engineers (ASPE) / 1.2 American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) / 1.3 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) / 1.3 American Society of Sanitary Engineers (ASSE) / 1.3 American Water Works Association (AWWA) / 1.3 American Welding Society (AWS) / 1.4 Compressed Gas Association (CGA) / 1.4 Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) / 1.4 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) / 1.4 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) / 1.4 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) / 1.5 ISO 9000 / 1.5 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) / 1.5 Model Regional Building Codes / 1.6 Manufacturers Standardization of the Valve and Fittings Industry (MSS) / 1.6 National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) / 1.6 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) / 1.6 National Institutes of Health (NIH) / 1.7 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) / 1.7 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) / 1.7 National Sanitation Foundation, International (NSF) / 1.7 Underwriters Laboratories (UL) / 1.7 3-A Standards / 1.8 Additional Standards / 1.8 Chapter 2. Piping 2.1 Pipe and Component Selection Criteria Code Acceptance / 2.1 Pressure and Temperature Ratings / 2.2 Corrosion Resistance / 2.2 Physical Strength / 2.4 Fire Resistance / 2.4 Availability / 2.4Aluminum (AL) / 2.4 Brass (BR) / 2.4 Cast Iron Soil Pipe (CI) / 2.5 Acid-Resistant Cast Iron (AR) / 2.6 Carbon Steel (ST) / 2.6 Copper / 2.6 Ductile Iron Pipe (DI) / 2.7 Lead (LD) / 2.7 Stainless Steel (SS) / 2.8 Corrugated Steel Pipe / 2.10 Other Metallic Piping Materials / 2.10 Plastic Pipe and Piping Materials Key Properties of Plastic Pipe / 2.12 Description and Classification / 2.13 Plastic Pipe Standards and Nomenclature / 2.14 Elements for Selection / 2.16 Permeability / 2.18 Plastic Pipe Materials / 2.20 Other Piping Materials Asbestos Cement Pipe (ACP) / 2.24 Glass (GL) / 2.24 Vitrified Clay (VC) / 2.25 Concrete Pipe / 2.25 Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) / 2.25 Fittings Code Considerations / 2.26 Fitting Types / 2.26 Fitting Materials / 2.27 Joints Metallic Pipe Joints / 2.29 Welding / 2.35 Flanged / 2.38 Hinged Clamp / 2.39 Adapters / 2.41 Joints for Plastic Piping / 2.42 Joints for FRP Piping / 2.43 Double-Wall Piping Valves General / 2.47 Codes and Standards / 2.47 Valve Components / 2.47 Valve Body Materials / 2.48 Valve Actuators / 2.49 Operating and Torque Considerations / 2.52 Firesafe Valves / 2.53 Valve Ratings / 2.54Pressure Loss Through Valves / 2.54 Valve Selection Considerations / 2.55 Gate Valves / 2.56 Globe Valves / 2.59 Plug Valves / 2.61 Ball Valves / 2.62 Butterfly Valves / 2.64 Diaphragm Valves / 2.65 Pinch Valves / 2.65 Check Valves / 2.66 Miscellaneous Valve Types / 2.66 Metallic Alloy Designations Metric Pipe Sizes Hangers and Supports General / 2.71 Codes and Standards / 2.71 System Components / 2.71 References / 2.82 Chapter 3. Solid-Liquid Separation and Interceptors 3.1 Filter Classification and Testing General / 3.2 Filter Categories and Definitions / 3.2 Filter Ratings / 3.3 Membrane Filter Testing / 3.4 Strainers General / 3.5 Types of Strainers / 3.6 Materials of Construction / 3.7 Design Considerations and Selection Criteria / 3.9 Filters Filter Classifications / 3.11 Types of Filters / 3.12 Deep Bed Granular (Sand) Filtration / 3.12 Activated Carbon Filters / 3.15 Cartridge Depth Filters / 3.16 Interceptors General / 3.19 Code Considerations / 3.19 Design Considerations / 3.20 Structural Considerations / 3.20 Location / 3.20 Specific Substances / 3.20 References / 3.31Codes and Standards / 4.1 Basic Water Chemistry Water Impurities Suspended Matter (Particulates) / 4.4 Dissolved Minerals and Organic Substances / 4.4 Dissolved Gases / 4.6 Water Analysis and Impurity Measurement General / 4.6 Deposits and Corrosion Deposits / 4.11 Corrosion / 4.12 Predicting Scale Formation and Corrosion Tendencies General / 4.13 Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) / 4.13 Ryznar Stability Index (RI) / 4.14 Aggressiveness Index (AI) / 4.15 Technology and Component Description Aeration / 4.16 Clarification / 4.17 Deaeration / 4.17 Decarbonation / 4.18 Dealkalizing / 4.18 Distillation / 4.19 Filtration / 4.21 Ion Exchange and Removal / 4.23 Membrane Filtration and Separation / 4.31 Microbial Control / 4.35 Water Treatment Utility Water Treatment / 4.38 Potable Water Treatment / 4.38 Domestic Water Treatment for Small, Private Residences / 4.39 Water Purification Codes and Standards / 4.41 Laboratory Systems / 4.41 Pharmaceutical Water / 4.43 Purified Water Types / 4.43 Pharmaceutical Water Treatment Process / 4.45 Feedwater / 4.46 Purification System Design / 4.47 Central Purification Equipment / 4.48 References / 4.51Codes and Standards / 5.1 Fundamentals of Heat Transfer Basics / 5.1 Types of Insulation / 5.6 Jackets / 5.8 Coatings, Adhesives, and Sealants / 5.11 Insulation Material and Thickness Selection / 5.12 Calculation of Insulation Thickness / 5.16 Freeze Protection Freezing of Water / 5.21 The Mechanics of the Freezing Process / 5.22 Pipe Damage due to Freezing / 5.23 The Freezing of Water in Atmospheric Vessels / 5.24 Sewer and Water Supply Piping Design / 5.27 Frost Closure of Vents / 5.32 Depth of Freeze in Soils Derivation of the Basic Formula for Frost Depth / 5.32 Heat Tracing Electric Heat Tracing / 5.44 Steam Tracing / 5.49 Acknowledgment / 5.61 References / 5.61 Chapter 6. Site Utility Systems 6.1 Basic Geology and Hydrology Hydrologic Cycle / 6.1 Aquifers / 6.3 Subsurface Drainage Inflow into Excavations / 6.4 Surface Drainage Preliminary Investigations / 6.8 Storm Water Inlet Selection / 6.9 System Design Criteria / 6.17 Design Storm / 6.19 Determination of Design Storm / 6.22 System Design Procedure / 6.27 System Design Considerations / 6.31 Storm Water Retention Methods Roof Retention / 6.32 Site Retention Methods / 6.32General / 6.47 Codes and Standards / 6.47 Pipe and Installation Classifications / 6.47 Loads Acting on a Pipe / 6.49 Superimposed Loads / 6.52 Bedding / 6.62 Strength of Pipe Materials / 6.64 Total Load on Buried Pipe / 6.64 Sewer Cleaning and Repair Cleaning Methods / 6.71 Repair of Cracks and Joint Separations in Piping / 6.73 Repair of Manholes / 6.73 Preventive Maintenance / 6.73 Sanitary Gravity Sewers Sewer Components / 6.74 Manholes / 6.74 Sizing the Sanitary Sewer / 6.76 Sanitary Sewer Design Considerations / 6.81 Sewage Lift Stations Codes and Standards / 6.92 System Components / 6.93 Component Design and Selection / 6.94 System Design Considerations / 6.96 Storm Water Disposal / 6.98 Potable Water Supply Water Supplied from a Public Utility / 6.103 System Design Procedure Preliminary Information Required / 6.119 Calculation of the Pipe Size / 6.120 Water Supplied from Wells / 6.121 Water Supplied from Surface Water Sources / 6.131 Project Water Supply Domestic Water Service / 6.132 Fire Protection Water Service / 6.138 Groundwater Monitoring Wells Codes and Standards / 6.142 Drilling Methods / 6.142 Casing / 6.142 Grout / 6.143 Intakes / 6.143 Well Development / 6.143 Finishing the Monitor Well / 6.143 References / 6.143Chapter 7. Turf Irrigation Systems 7.1 General / 7.1 System Components / 7.1 Codes and Standards / 7.2 General Design Considerations / 7.2 The Soil / 7.2 System Design / 7.5 Acknowledgments / 7.11 Chapter 8. Cryogenic Storage Systems 8.1 System Components / 8.1 Codes and Standards / 8.2 Bulk Storage / 8.2 Sizing the Large Bulk Tank / 8.4 Sizing the Vaporizer / 8.8 Pressure from Liquid Gases / 8.9 Pressure Relief Valves / 8.11 Pipe Materials and Insulation / 8.12 Industrial Pipe and Materials / 8.13 Pipe Sizing Methods / 8.13 System Design Considerations / 8.15 References / 8.15 Chapter 9. Plumbing Systems 9.1 General / 9.1 Codes and Standards / 9.2 Fixture Units / 9.2 Plumbing Fixtures / 9.3 Equivalent Length of Piping / 9.3 Velocity of Water / 9.3 Sanitary Drainage System Description / 9.6 Major System Components / 9.6 Sanitary System Design / 9.10 Suds Pressure Areas / 9.13 Sump Pumps and Sewage Ejectors / 9.14 House Sewer Design / 9.18 Private Sewage Disposal Systems Introduction / 9.18 Codes and Standards / 9.18 Septic System / 9.18 Collection and Treatment Alternatives / 9.29 Alternative Drainage Systems Sovent Plumbing System / 9.30 Vacuum Drainage System / 9.30 One Pipe Drainage System / 9.31 CONTENTSSystem Description / 9.32 Nomenclature / 9.32 System Design / 9.32 Circuit and Loop Vents / 9.35 Wet Vents / 9.36 Suds Relief Vents / 9.36 Sump and Ejector Vents / 9.37 Vent Headers / 9.37 Air Admittance Valves / 9.37 Interior Storm Water Drainage System Description / 9.38 General System Criteria / 9.38 Roof Drainage Systems / 9.39 Potable Water Systems System Description / 9.49 Water Treatment / 9.50 Water Meters / 9.50 Contamination Prevention / 9.51 Water Velocity / 9.54 Water Distribution Systems / 9.55 Estimating Water Demand / 9.56 Design of the Water Supply Distribution System / 9.57 Adjusting Water Pressure / 9.60 Pipe Size Selection / 9.69 Service Hot Water Systems System Description / 9.69 Codes and Standards / 9.70 Water Heating Methods and Equipment / 9.70 Acceptable Hot Water Temperatures / 9.72 Water Heater Sizing / 9.72 Safety and Protective Devices / 9.79 System Design Considerations / 9.83 Hot Water Temperature Maintenance / 9.83 Circulating Water System / 9.87 Electric Heating Cable / 9.94 Fixture Minimum Pipe Space Requirements Chapter 10. Special Waste Drainage Systems 10.1 Codes and Standards / 10.1 System Approval Requirements / 10.2 General Material, Sizing, and Design Considerations Pipe Material and Joint Selection Considerations / 10.2 Pipe Sizing Considerations / 10.3 pH Definition / 10.3 General System Design Considerations / 10.4General / 10.4 Selection of Laboratory Waste Piping and Joint Material / 10.8 System Design Considerations / 10.8 Acid Waste Treatment / 10.9 Radioactive Waste Drainage and Vent Systems General / 10.10 The Nature of Radiation / 10.10 Radiation Measurement / 10.11 Units of Radiation Dose / 10.11 Allowable Radiation Levels / 10.12 Shielding / 10.13 Radioactive Materials / 10.13 System Design Criteria / 10.14 General Design Criteria / 10.14 Pipe Material Selection / 10.15 General Design Considerations / 10.15 Decontamination / 10.16 Infectious and Biological Waste Drainage Systems Codes and Standards / 10.18 Biological Safety Levels / 10.18 Liquid Waste Decontamination System / 10.19 System Design Considerations / 10.21 Industrial Waste Systems General / 10.21 Codes and Standards / 10.21 Pipe Material and Joint Selection / 10.22 System Design Considerations / 10.22 Fire Suppression Water Drainage System Description / 10.23 Flammable and Volatile Liquids Oil in Water / 10.24 Methods of Separation and Treatment / 10.24 Gravity Separators / 10.25 Flotation Devices / 10.25 Centrifugal Separators / 10.25 Filtration / 10.25 Smaller Systems / 10.25 References / 10.26 Chapter 11. Swimming Pools, Spas, and Water Attractions 11.1 Introduction / 11.1 General / 11.1 Codes and Standards / 11.2 Minimum Number of Plumbing Fixtures / 11.2General / 11.5 Basic Pool Components / 11.5 Swimming Pool Mechanical Equipment / 11.8 Pool Water Circulation System / 11.8 Pool Filtration Systems Sand Filters / 11.12 Diatomaceous Earth Filters / 11.14 Cartridge Filters / 11.16 Filter Backwash System General / 11.16 Backwashing the Sand Filter / 11.17 Precoating and Backwashing the DE Filter / 11.17 Water Chemistry Systems General / 11.18 Chemical Control / 11.18 Sanitation/Oxidation / 11.19 Stabilizers / 11.19 pH Control / 11.20 Water Balance / 11.20 Chemical Feed System / 11.20 Chemical Control Systems / 11.21 Probes / 11.22 Freshwater Supply / 11.22 Pool Heating and Cooling Systems General Pool Criteria Spas General / 11.25 Turnover Rate and Bather Load / 11.25 Spa Filters / 11.26 Jet Design / 11.26 Water Attractions General / 11.26 Codes and Standards / 11.27 Minimum Number of Plumbing Fixtures / 11.27 Water Use / 11.27 Turnover Rates / 11.27 Water Chemistry / 11.28 General Considerations / 11.28 Acknowledgment / 11.28 References / 11.29 Chapter 12. Liquid Fuel Storage and Dispensing Systems 12.1 Definitions and Liquid Fuel Classifications / 12.1 Codes and Standards / 12.2 System Description / 12.5 System Components / 12.5Storage Tanks / 12.6 Leak Detection and System Monitoring / 12.14 Vapor Recovery Systems / 12.21 Product Dispensing Systems / 12.23 Above-Ground Storage and Distribution Systems Storage Tanks / 12.26 Atmospheric Tank Venting / 12.29 Leak Detection and System Monitoring / 12.29 System Monitoring / 12.30 Vapor Recovery / 12.30 Product Dispensing Systems / 12.30 Tank Protection / 12.31 Miscellaneous Motor Fuel Storage Fire Pump Fuel Storage / 12.31 Emergency Generator Fuel Storage / 12.35 Systems Design Piping Materials / 12.36 Pipe Sizing / 12.37 Submersible Pump Sizing / 12.38 General Design Considerations / 12.41 Tests / 12.41 Evaluation of AST or UST Installation / 12.43 AST / 12.43 UST / 12.43 System Design Considerations / 12.44 References / 12.46 Chapter 13. Fuel Gas Systems 13.1 Fuel Gas Description / 13.1 Codes and Standards / 13.1 System Operating Pressures / 13.3 Natural Gas General / 13.4 Major Natural Gas System Components / 13.5 Site Distribution / 13.8 Site Service Sizing Procedure / 13.9 NG Site Service Pipe Sizing Methods / 13.13 Pipe and System Materials for Site Installation / 13.13 Interior Pipe Sizing Procedure / 13.17 Discussion / 13.17 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Storage Tanks / 13.25 Maximum Content of Liquid in Tanks / 13.28 Location of Equipment on the Site / 13.28 Tank Foundations and Support / 13.28 Regulators / 13.30 Pressure Relief Devices / 13.30Excess Flow Valve / 13.32 Service Line Valves / 13.32 Filler Valves / 13.33 Vapor Equalizing Valves / 13.33 Liquid Level Gauges / 13.33 Miscellaneous Equipment / 13.33 Vaporizer / 13.33 Propane Mixers / 13.34 LPG System Design / 13.34 Piping Materials / 13.43 Fuel Gas Pressure Booster System System Description / 13.43 Codes and Standards / 13.43 System Components / 13.43 System Design Considerations / 13.45 References / 13.46 Chapter 14. Compressed Gas Systems 14.1 Fundamentals General / 14.1 Definitions and Pressure Measurements / 14.2 Physical Properties of Air / 14.4 Water Vapor in Air / 14.5 Impurities and Contamination / 14.9 System Components / 14.11 Utility (Light Industrial) Compressed Air System Design / 14.29 Project Design Example / 14.52 Instrument and Control Air General / 14.57 Codes and Standards / 14.57 Air Quality Standards / 14.57 Air Pressure Requirements / 14.58 Generation of Instrument Air / 14.58 Pipe and Fittings / 14.58 Specialty Gases for Laboratories General / 14.58 Codes and Standards / 14.59 Classification of Specialty Gases / 14.59 Grades of Specialty Gases / 14.60 Storage and Generation of Gases / 14.60 Distribution System Components / 14.65 Distribution Network / 14.73 Gases for Health Care Facilities General / 14.90 Codes and Standards / 14.90 Description and General Uses for the Common Gases / 14.91Storage and Generation of Gases / 14.92 The Surgical-Medical Air Compressor Assembly / 14.97 Dental Air Compressor Assembly / 14.100 The Distribution Network / 14.101 Pipe Materials, Joints, and Installation / 14.102 Valves / 14.103 System and Equipment Sizing / 14.108 Industrial Specialty Gases General / 14.121 Acknowledgments / 14.123 References / 14.123 Chapter 15. Vacuum Air Systems 15.1 Fundamentals Definitions and Pressure Measurement / 15.1 System Components / 15.11 Health Care Facilities (Surgical/Medical) General / 15.17 Codes and Standards / 15.17 Medical-Surgical Vacuum Air Systems Description / 15.18 System Components / 15.18 Vacuum Source / 15.18 Distribution Network Sizing and Arrangement / 15.21 System Sizing / 15.22 Purge and Tests / 15.28 Waste Anesthetic Gas Disposal General / 15.28 Methods of Anesthesia Gas Removal / 15.29 System Sizing / 15.31 System Operating Characteristics / 15.31 Dental Vacuum Systems General / 15.31 Codes and Standards / 15.31 System Components / 15.32 Design Criteria / 15.32 Vacuum Generation / 15.34 Vacuum Source Design Considerations / 15.37 Distribution Network / 15.37 General Design Considerations / 15.38 Laboratory Vacuum Systems Codes and Standards / 15.38 Vacuum Source / 15.39 Redundancy / 15.39 Distribution Network / 15.41 Sizing Criteria / 15.41 CONTENTS xixTypes of Systems and Equipment / 15.43 Codes and Standards / 15.43 System Components / 15.43 Detailed System Design / 15.47 Acknowledgments / 15.57 References / 15.57 Chapter 16. Animal Facility Piping Systems 16.1 General / 16.1 Codes and Standards / 16.1 Animal Drinking Water System / 16.2 Drinking Water Treatment / 16.3 Drinking Water System Components and Selection / 16.5 Animal Rack Manifold Configurations / 16.6 System Sizing Methods / 16.8 Cleaning and Drainage Practices / 16.8 Equipment Washing / 16.17 Equipment Sanitizing / 16.17 Monitoring Systems / 16.17 General Systems Design Considerations / 16.18 Swine Cooling Systems / 16.18 Acknowledgment / 16.20 References / 16.20 Chapter 17. Life Safety Systems 17.1 General / 17.1 Emergency Drench Equipment General / 17.1 Hazard Assessment / 17.1 System Components / 17.2 System Classifications / 17.2 Codes and Standards / 17.2 Types of Drench Equipment / 17.3 Installation Requirements for Drench Equipment / 17.8 Drench Equipment Components / 17.14 Flushing Water Disposal / 17.17 Visibility of Devices / 17.17 System Design / 17.18 Breathing Air General / 17.19 Codes and Standards / 17.20 System Components / 17.20 Types of Systems / 17.20 Types of Personal Respirators / 17.21 Breathing Air Purity / 17.23 System Components / 17.25 Component Selection and Sizing / 17.28 References / 17.32Chapter 18. Water Display Fountains and Pools 18.1 General / 18.1 Types of Installations / 18.1 System Components / 18.2 Equipment / 18.2 System Configurations / 18.6 Chapter 19. Nonpotable Water Systems 19.1 Recycled and Gray Water Definitions / 19.1 General / 19.1 Common Uses / 19.2 Codes and Standards / 19.2 System Description / 19.2 System Components / 19.2 Design Flow / 19.3 Treatment Systems / 19.3 Precautions / 19.3 Public Acceptance / 19.5 Typical Installations and Details / 19.5 Seawater General / 19.10 Codes and Standards / 19.10 Methods of Preventing Attachment of Organisms / 19.10 Pipeline Cleaning / 19.10 Filters / 19.11 Seawater Intake / 19.12 Piping Materials / 19.13 Equipment Selection and Mechanical Room Design Considerations / 19.13 References / 19.14 Chapter 20. Drinking Water Systems 20.1 Codes and Standards / 20.1 System Components / 20.1 Drinking Fountain Installation / 20.3 System Design / 20.3 Pipe and Insulation Sizing and Selection / 20.5 System and Component Sizing / 20.5 Acknowledgments / 20.10 References / 20.10 Chapter 21. Heat Exchangers 21.1 Introduction / 21.1 Codes and Standards / 21.1 ASTM B-31.9, Code for Pressure Piping, ASHRAE B-90.1, Conservation of Energy / 21.2 Definitions / 21.2 General Heat Exchanger Types / 21.2 Choosing Off-the-Shelf Shell-and-Tube Exchangers / 21.8 Plate-Type Heat Exchangers / 21.9Plate-and-Frame Heat Exchangers / 21.9 Immersion Heat Exchangers / 21.12 Air-Cooled Exchangers / 21.13 Heat Exchanger Selection / 21.14 Heat Exchanger Design Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers / 21.15 Sizing Pressure and Temperature Relief Valve / 21.17 References / 21.18 Appendix A. Pipe Distribution Systems A.1 Appendix B. Glossary and Abbreviations B.1 Appendix C. Metric Unit Conventions and Conversions C.1 Index I.1