AACN essentials of critical care nursing : pocket handbook

Preface / xi Dedication / xii Section 1. Normal Values .........................................1 1.1 Normal Values Table / 2 Section 2. Assessment .............................................7 2.1 Summary of Prearrival and Admission Quick Check Assessments / 8 2.2 Summary of Comprehensive Admission Assessment Requirements / 9 2.3 Suggested Questions for Review of Past History Categorized by Body System / 10 2.4 Ongoing Assessment Template / 12 2.5 Identification of Symptom Characteristics / 13 2.6 Chest Pain Assessment / 14 2.7 Pain Assessment Tools Commonly Used in Critically Ill Patients / 15 2.8 CAM-ICU Worksheet / 16 2.9 Glasgow Coma Scale / 18 2.10 Sensory Dermatomes / 19 2.11 Edema Rating Scale / 21 2.12 Peripheral Pulse Rating Scale / 21 2.13 Physiologic Effects of Aging / 22 Section 3. ECG Concepts .......................................23 3.1 ECG Lead Placement for a Three-Wire System / 25 3.2 ECG Lead Placement for a Five-Wire System / 27 3.3 Twelve-Lead ECG Placement / 28 3.4 Right Side ECG Chest Lead Placement / 29 3.5 Waves, Complexes, and Intervals / 30 3.6 Heart Rate Determination / 31 3.7 Heart Rate Determination Using the Electrocardiogram Large Boxes / 32 3.8 Recommended Leads for Continuous ECG Monitoring / 33 3.9 Advantages of Common Monitoring Leads / 34 3.10 Evidence-Based Practice: Bedside Cardiac Monitoring for Arrhythmia Detection / 35 3.11 Evidence-Based Practice: ST-Segment Monitoring / 36 3.12 Cardiac Rhythms, ECG Characteristics, and Treatment Guide / 37 3.13 Guidelines for Management of Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Flutter (Class I Recommendations Only) / 61 3.14 Guidelines for Management of Supraventricular Arrhythmias (Class I Recommendations Only) / 64 3.15 Guidelines for Management of Ventricular Arrhythmias (Class I Recommendations Only) / 67 3.16 Normal 12-Lead ECG Waves / 69 3.17 Normal ST Segment and T Waves / 70 3.18 Zones of Myocardial Ischemia, Injury, and Infarction with Associated ECG Changes / 71 3.19 ECG Patterns Associated with Myocardial Ischemia / 72 3.20 ECG Patterns Associated with Acute Myocardial Injury / 73 3.21 ECG Changes Associated with Myocardial Infarction / 74 3.22 Typical Plasma Profiles / 75 3.23 Clinical Presentation of Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction / 76 3.24 Evidence-Based Practice: Acute Coronary Syndrome ST-Elevation MI and Non–ST-Elevation MI / 78 3.25 Summary of Causes of Axis Deviations / 79 3.26 ECG Clues for Differentiating Aberration from Ventricular Ectopy / 80 3.27 Pacemaker Codes / 81 3.28 Dual-Chamber Pacing Modes / 82 Section 4. Cardiovascular Concepts.......................83 4.1 Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Frequency of 1:2 / 85 4.2 Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Frequency of 1:1 / 86 4.3 Inaccurate Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Timing / 87 4.4 Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) Pulseless Arrest Algorithm / 89 4.5 Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) Bradycardia Algorithm / 92 4.6 Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) Tachycardia Algorithm / 94 4.7 Problems Encountered with Arterial Catheters / 96 4.8 Inaccurate Arterial Pressure Measurements / 98 4.9 Pulmonary Artery Port Functions / 100 4.10 Leveling of the PA Catheter / 101 4.11 Referencing and Zeroing the Hemodynamic Monitoring System / 102 4.12 Assessing Damping Concepts from Square Wave Test / 103 4.13 Pressure Waveforms Observed during Pulmonary Artery Catheter Insertion / 106 4.14 Pulmonary Artery Waveform and Components / 108 4.15 Effect of a Mechanical Ventilator Breath on PA Waveform / 109 4.16 Reading End Expiration Before a Spontaneous Breath / 110 4.17 Evidence-Based Practice: Pulmonary Artery Pressure Measurement / 111 4.18 Problems Encountered with Pulmonary Artery Catheters / 112 4.19 Inaccurate Pulmonary Artery Pressure Measurements / 118 4.20 Troubleshooting Problems with Thermodilution Cardiac Output Measurements / 121 4.21 Common Inotropic Therapies in Treating Abnormal Hemodynamics / 125 4.22 Common Preload Reducers for Abnormal Hemodynamics / 125 4.23 Common Afterload Reducing Agents / 126 Section 5. Respiratory Concepts...........................127 5.1 Normal Chest X-Ray / 128 5.2 Mediastinal Structures Visible on a Chest X-Ray / 129 5.3 Chest X-Ray of COPD / 130 5.4 Chest X-Ray of Pneumothorax / 131 5.5 Chest X-Ray of Right Lower Lobe Pneumonia / 132 5.6 Chest X-Ray Showing Carina and Right Bronchus / 133 5.7 Chest X-Ray with PA Catheter, ET Tube, and Chest Tube / 134 5.8 Acid-Base Abnormalities / 135 5.9 Indications for Mechanical Ventilation / 136 5.10 Pulmonary Specific Wean Criteria Thresholds / 137 5.11 Burns’ Wean Assessment Program (BWAP) / 138 5.12 Algorithm for Management of Ventilator Alarms and/ or Development of Acute Respiratory Distress / 140 5.13 Algorithm to Correct Hypoxaemia in an Acute COPD Patient / 141 Section 6. Neurologic Concepts ...........................143 6.1 Glasgow Coma Scale / 144 6.2 Cranial Nerve Function / 145 6.3 Circle of Willis / 146 6.4 Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury Syndromes / 147 6.5 Spinal Cord Injury–Functional Goals for Specific Levels of Complete Injury / 148 6.6 Intracranial Pressure Monitoring Systems / 152 Section 7. Pharmacology Tables ..........................153 7.1 Intravenous Medication Administration Guidelines / 154 7.2 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents / 179 7.3 Vasoactive Agents / 182 7.4 Antiarrhythmic Agents / 185 7.5 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring / 191 7.6 Tips for Calculating IV Medication Infusion Rates / 194