Current diagnosis & treatment. / Gastroenterology, hepatology, & endoscopy

Contents Authors ix Preface xiii Section I. General Concerns 1. Acute Abdominal Pain: Basic Principles & Current Challenges 1 Frederick L. Makrauer, MD & Norton J. Greenberger, MD Acute Abdominal Pain in the Elderly 3 Nonsurgical Disorders Simulating the Acute Abdomen 4 Evaluation of the Acute Abdomen 4 Acute Appendicitis 6 Unique Presentations of Appendicitis 8 2. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Immunologic Considerations 11 Richard S. Blumberg, MD General Principles of the Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissues 12 Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease 14 Pathogenesis of Crohn Disease: Underlying Mechanisms of Immune Dysregulation 15 Pathogenesis of Ulcerative Colitis: Immunologic Factors 17 Regulatory Pathways in the Maintenance of Intestinal Tolerance 18 Therapeutic Implications of the Immunobiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease 19 3. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Medical Considerations 22 Robert Burakoff, MD, MPH & Scott Hande, MD General Considerations 22 Clinical Findings 23 Differential Diagnosis 26 Complications 27 Treatment 28 Prognosis 33 4. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Surgical Considerations 34 Jennifer L. Irani, MD, Anthony Ramsanahie, MD & Ronald Bleday, MD Ulcerative Colitis 34 Crohn Disease 38 5. Acute Diarrheal Disorders 45 Jerry S. Trier, MD Acute Diarrhea 45 Acute Diarrheal Disease Caused by Specific Infections 50 6. Mesenteric Ischemia 64 Elena M. Stoffel, MD, MPH & Norton J. Greenberger, MD Mesenteric Ischemia 64 Acute Mesenteric Ischemia 65 Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia 71 7. Gastrointestinal & Biliary Complications of Pregnancy 75 Jaya R. Agrawal, MD & Sonia Friedman, MD Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 75 Nausea & Vomiting 78 Hyperemesis Gravidarum 79 Constipation 81 Diarrhea 82 Hemorrhoids 82 Irritable Bowel Syndrome 83 Fecal Incontinence 85 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 85 Abdominal pain 88 Peptic Ulcer Disease 89 Biliary Disease 89 Pancreatitis 90 Appendicitis 91 Intestinal Obstruction, Pseudo-Obstruction, & Gastrointestinal Cancer 92 Endoscopy in Pregnancy 92 8. Hepatic Complications of Pregnancy 98 Chinweike Ukomadu, MD, PhD Interpretation of Liver Biochemical Tests During Pregnancy 98 Hepatic Conditions Unique to Pregnancy 99 Conditions not Unique to Pregnancy 101 9. State-of-the Art Imaging of the Gastrointestinal System 103 Koenraad J. Mortele, MD Gastrointestinal Tract Imaging 103 Liver Imaging 116 Biliary Imaging 121 Pancreatic Imaging 126 Summary of Current Recommendations 130 10. Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Immunodeficiency 131 Zhenglun Zhu, MD, PhD General Considerations 131 Pathogenesis 131 Clinical Findings 133 Treatment 134 Section II. Esophageal Diseases 11. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 139 John R. Saltzman, MD & John M. Poneros, MD General Considerations 139 Clinical Findings 140 Complications 143 Treatment 143 Course & Prognosis 146 12. Barrett Esophagus 148 John M. Poneros, MD General Considerations 148 Clinical Findings 149 Treatment 151 Course & Prognosis 153 13. Oropharyngeal & Esophageal Motility Disorders 155 Raj K. Goyal, MD, Arun Chaudhury, MD & Hiroshi Mashimo, MD, PhD Oropharyngeal Dysphagia 155 Cricopharyngeal Achalasia & Cricopharyngeal Bar 157 Zenker Diverticulum 159 Globus Pharyngeus 159 Esophageal Motor Dysphagia 160 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 161 Esophageal Chest Pain 162 Disorders of Inhibitory Innervation 165 Disorders of Excitatory Nerves and Smooth Muscles 169 14. Eosinophilic Esophagitis 172 Norton J. Greenberger, MD General Considerations 172 Pathogenesis 172 Clinical Findings 172 Differential Diagnosis 173 Treatment 173 Course & Prognosis 174 Unresolved Issues 174 Section III. Diseases of the Stomach 15. Peptic Ulcer Disease 175 Edward Lew, MD, MPH General Considerations 175 Pathogenesis 176 Clinical Findings 177 Differential Diagnosis 179 Complications 179 Treatment 179 16. Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (Gastrinoma) 184 Edward Lew, MD, MPH General Considerations 184 Pathogenesis 184 Clinical Findings 184 Treatment 187 Prognosis 188 17. Functional (Nonulcer) Dyspepsia 189 Victor S. Wang, MD, MPH & Robert Burakoff, MD, MPH General Considerations 189 Pathogenesis 190 Clinical Findings 192 Differential Diagnosis 195 Treatment 196 Course & Prognosis 199 18. Disorders of Gastric & Small Bowel Motility 200 Victor S. Wang, MD, MPH & Robert Burakoff, MD, MPH Gastroparesis & Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction 201 Dumping Syndrome & Accelerated Gastric Emptying 208 Rapid Transit Dysmotility of the Small Bowel 209