Encyclopedia of stress. Vol. 1, A-D

Contents by Subject area xxiii Preface to First Edition xxxi Preface to the Second Edition xxxiii Guide to Encyclopedia xxxv Foreword xxxvii VOLUME 1 .A Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 1 R. Yehuda and C. M. Wong Acute Stress Response: Experimental 7 K. Pacak and R. McCarty Acute Trauma Response 15 W. C. Chiu, D. E. Carlson and M. P. Lilly Adenylyl Cyclases and Stress Response 21 F. A. Antoni Adjustment Disorders 24 M. Dascalu and D. Svrakic Adolescence 28 G. N. Swanson Adolescent Suicide 36 M. Berk, R. Suddath and M. Devich-Navarro Adrenal Cortex 38 G. P. Vinson, B. J. Whitehouse and J. P. Hinson Adrenal Insufficiency 47 H. S. Willenberg, S. R. Bornstein and G. P. Chrousos Adrenal Medulla 52 R. Kvetnansky and R. McCarty Adrenaline 60 T. M. Pollard Adrenocortical Function, Factors Controlling Development Thereof 64 T. Else and G. D. Hammer Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) 69 M. E. Rhodes Aerobic Exercise and Stress Reduction 73 E. J. C. de Geus and J. H. Stubbe Affective Disorders 78 D. F. MacKinnon Aggression 84 E. F. Coccaro and E. C. Manning Aggressive Behavior 89 J. M. Koolhaas Aging and Adrenocortical Factors 92 C. Lord and J. C. Pruessner Aging and Psychological Stress 96 B. W. J. Penninx Aging and Stress, Biology of 102 M. A. Horan, R. N. Barton and G. J. Lithgow AIDS 108 M. H. Antoni and D. G. Cruess Airline Accidents 114 G. Li Alarm Phase and General Adaptation Syndrome 119 R. McCarty and K. Pacak Alcohol and Stress: Social and Psychological Aspects 123 M. A. Sayette Alcohol, Alcoholism, and Stress: A Psychobiological Perspective 127 A. N. Taylor, P. Prolo and M. L. Pilati Aldosterone and Mineralocorticoid Receptors 132 J. W. Funder Allostasis and Allostatic Load 135 B. S. McEwen and J. C. Wingfield Alzheimerپfs Disease 141 A. E. Roth, W. M. Greenberg and N. Pomara Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring 147 T. G. Pickering Amenorrhea 149 V. E. Beshay and B. R. Carr Amnesia 158 J. S. Simons and K. S. Graham Amygdala 161 M. S. Fanselow and R. Ponnusamy Anatomy of the HPA Axis 166 A. G. Watts Androgen Action 171 R. J. Handa and T. R. Pak Anger 176 R. W. Novaco Angiotensin 182 O. Baltatu and M. Bader Angiotensin Receptors 186 T. A. Jenkins and F. A. O. Mendelsohn Animal Models (Nonprimate) for Human Stress 190 J. E. Ottenweller Annexin 195 A. Mulla, J. C. Buckingham and R. J. Flower Antibody Response 199 R. J. Booth Anti-CRF 206 E. P. Zorrilla, Y. Zhao and G. F. Koob Antidepressant Actions on Glucocorticoid Receptors 215 J. L. W. Yau and J. R. Seckl Antimineralocorticoid Challenge 223 M. Kellner and K. Wiedemann Antipsychotic Drugs and Stress 226 S. Sundram Antisocial Disorders 231 K. Pajer Anxiety 236 A. OپN hman Anxiolytics 240 M. Lader Apoptosis 244 J.-L. Turner and J. A. Cidlowski Arterial Baroreflex 248 G. Parati, P. Castiglioni, M. Di Rienzo and G. Mancia Arthritis 258 R. L. Wilder Arthritis . Psychological 261 J. W. Younger and A. J. Zautra Asthma 264 A. A. Kaptein Atherosclerosis 267 M. W. Ketterer Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Stress and 271 L. E. Arnold and R. L. Lindsay Autoimmunity 276 B. S. Rabin Autonomic Nervous System 282 W. R. Lovallo and J. J. Sollers III Autotolerance 290 M. Durai and K. D. Moudgil Avoidance 297 M. S. Oitzl .B Behavior Therapy 303 P. de Silva Behavior, Overview 307 R. Dantzer Benzodiazepines 310 J. Bermak, T. Johnstone and K. Gee viii Contents Bereavement 317 P. J. Clayton Beta-Adrenergic Blockers 323 M. B. Hamner and G. W. Arana Beta-Endorphin 332 M. Lee and S. L. Wardlaw Blood Pressure 335 A. Sherwood and R. A. Carels Blood.Brain Barrier, Stress and 342 S. N. Malaeb and B. S. Stonestreet Borderline Personality Disorder 348 H. W. Koenigsberg and L. J. Siever Brain and Brain Regions 351 A. G. Watts Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) 357 P. Pervanidou and G. P. Chrousos Brain Trauma 360 B. Pentland Breast Cancer 364 A. Moyer Burnout 368 C. Maslach and M. P. Leiter .C Calbindin 373 F. A. Antoni Calcium, Role of 374 F. A. Antoni Calcium-Dependent Neurotoxicity 375 J. S. Kelly Cancer 378 D. Spiegel Cancer Treatment 384 F. I. Fawzy, A. L. Canada and N. W. Fawzy Captivity, Adaptation to 388 R. H. Rahe Captivity, Recovery from 392 R. H. Rahe Cardiovascular System and Stress 396 P. Hjemdahl Cardiovascular Disease, Stress and 410 G. P. Chrousos and G. Kaltsas Caregivers, Stress and 416 S. H. Zarit, K. Bottigi and J. E. Gaugler Catecholamines 419 U. Lundberg Central Stress Neurocircuits 424 S. Kollack-Walker, H. E. W. Day and H. Akil Cerebral Metabolism, Brain Imaging 432 K. P. Ebmeier, C. L. Donaghey and N. J. Dougall Chaperone Proteins and Chaperonopathies 438 A. J. L. Macario and E. Conway de Macario Chaperonopathies 444 A. J. L. Macario and E. Conway de Macario Chemical Warfare 449 J. Berberich Chernobyl, Stress Effects of 452 A. Tonnessen and L. Weisath Child Abuse 457 C. C. Swenson and L. Saldana Child Physical Abuse 460 C. C. Swenson Child Sexual Abuse 463 J. A. Cohen Childbirth and Stress 467 S. Ayers and E. Ford Childhood Stress 472 S. Sandberg Cholesterol and Lipoproteins 478 C. M. Stoney Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 484 A. J. Cleare and S. Wessely Chronic Social Stress: GR Sensitivity in Leukocytes 493 A. Weizman and B. Rotberg Circadian Clock Genes as Modulators of Sensitivity to Genotoxic Stress 496 M. P. Antoch and R. V. Kondratov Circadian Rhythm Effects on Cardiovascular and Other Stress-Related Events 500 R. Manfredini, B. Boari, R. Salmi, A. M. Malagoni and F. Manfredini Contents ix Circadian Rhythms, Effects of Prenatal Stress in Rodents 505 S. Maccari and O. Van Reeth Circadian Rhythms, Genetics of 508 F. W. Turek and M. H. Vitaterna Cognition and Stress 513 M. W. Eysenck Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy 515 G. A. Fava Combat Reaction, Chronic 518 R. H. Rahe Combat Stress Reaction 524 M. Dobson Combat, Acute Reactions to 529 R. H. Rahe Common Cold and Stress 533 A. Smith Community Studies 536 C. J. Holahan, R. H. Moos and L. M. Groesz Comorbid Disorders and Stress 542 S. Sundram and Avril Pereira Comparative Anatomy and Physiology 549 A. G. Watts Concentration Camp Survivors 553 J. D. Kinzie Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) 556 A. Solomon and P.-M. G. Bouloux Conservation of Resources Theory 562 S. E. Hobfoll and J. S. Ford Control and Stress 568 A. Steptoe Coping and Stress: A Lens and Filter Model 574 R. H. Rahe Coping Skills 578 A. DeLongis and E. Puterman Corticosteroid Receptor Genes: Functional Dissection in Mice 584 F. Tronche Corticosteroid Receptors 594 O. C. Meijer, E. R. de Kloet and B. S. McEwen Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin (Transcortin) 605 B. E. P. Murphy Corticosteroids and Stress 613 A. Munck Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) 620 A. T. Lim Corticotropin Releasing Factor Receptor Deficiency in Mice 623 N. J. Justice and K.-F. Lee Corticotropin Releasing Factor-Binding Protein 627 P. J. Lowry, C. F. Kemp and R. J. Woods Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Circuitry in the Brain . Relevance for Affective Disorders and Anxiety 630 D. A. Gutman and C. B. Nemeroff Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) Family of Neuropeptides . Role in Inflammation 635 A. Gravanis and A. N. Margioris Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptors 641 D. E. Grigoriadis Cortisol Awakening Response 649 A. Steptoe C-Reactive Protein 653 W. J. Kop and A. A. Weinstein Crime Victims 659 I. Robbins Crisis Intervention 662 D. Hamaoka, D. Benedek, T. Grieger and R. J. Ursano Critical Thermal Limits 667 J. Roth Crowding Stress 669 L. KovaپL cs and P. Csermely Cultural Factors in Stress 672 J. W. Berry and B. Ataca Cultural Transition 678 M. S. Kopp Cushingپfs Syndrome, Medical Aspects 682 S. R. Bornstein, M. Gruber, H. S. Willenberg, C. A. Stratakis and G. P. Chrousos Cushingپfs Syndrome, Neuropsychiatric Aspects 688 M. N. Starkman Cytokines 692 G. D. Marshall x Contents Cytokines, Chronic Stress, and Fatigue 698 S. Jain and P. J. Mills Cytokines, Stress, and Depression 705 B. E. Leonard and C. Song Cytotoxic Lymphocytes 711 M. A. Fletcher and N. G. Klimas .D Death Anxiety 717 R. Kastenbaum Defensive Behaviors 722 D. C. Blanchard, M. Yang, M. Hebert and R. J. Blanchard Demand.Control Model 727 T. Theorell Dental Stress 733 T. K. FaپLbiaپLn, G. FaپLbiaپLn and P. FejeپLrdy Depersonalization: Systematic Assessment 736 M. Steinberg Depression and Coronary Heart Disease 741 F. LespeپLrance and N. Frasure-Smith Depression and Manic.Depressive Illness 744 R. T. Rubin and B. J. Carroll Depression and Stress, Role of n-3 and n-6 Fatty Acids 754 C. Song and B. E. Leonard Depression Models 760 K. Matthews and C. Stewart Depression, Immunological Aspects 766 M. R. Irwin Dermatological Conditions 773 M. A. Gupta Desensitization 778 F. A. Antoni Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) 780 R. T. Rubin and B. J. Carroll DEX-CRH Test 784 N. C. Schommer and I. Heuser DHEA 788 J. Herbert Diabetes, Type 1 792 A. Riazi and C. Bradley Diet and Stress, Non-Psychiatric 797 J. Wardle and E. L. Gibson Diet and Stress, Psychiatric 806 V. March and M. H. Fernstrom Disaster Syndrome 811 P. Valent Disasters and Mass Violence, Public, Effects of 814 G. Stevens, B. Raphael and M. Dobson Disease, Stress Induced 824 H. S. Willenberg, S. R. Bornstein and G. P. Chrousos Dissociation 828 J. R. Maldonado Distress 838 G. Matthews Divorce, Children of 844 K. N. Hipke, S. A. Wolchik and I. N. Sandler Domestic Violence 848 B. Donohue, H. Hill and T. Maier-Paarlberg Dopamine, Central 852 G. D. Stanwood Drosophila Genes and Anoxia 859 G. G. Haddad Drosophila Studies 864 M. Allikian and J. Tower Drug Use and Abuse 866 J. R. Mantsch .E Earthquakes, Stress Effects of 871 M. Livanou and M. BasپCog. lu Eating Disorders and Stress 876 D. C. Jimerson Eclampsia and Pre-Eclampsia 880 A. Makrigiannakis, G. Petsas and G. P. Chrousos Economic Factors and Stress 884 R. A. Catalano Education Levels and Stress 888 J. Mirowsky and C. E. Ross Contents xi Effort.Reward Imbalance Model 893 J. Siegrist Elder Abuse 896 C. P. Holstege and H. Holstege Electrodermal Activity 899 G. Turpin and T. Grandfield Emergency Personnel, Stress in 903 D. S. Weiss Emotional Inhibition 908 H. C. Traue and R. M. Deighton Emotions: Structure and Adaptive Functions 914 R. J. Contrada and H. Leventhal Employee Assistance and Counseling 922 M. E. Mor Barak and D. J. Travis Endocrine Systems 926 G. Fink Endometriosis 927 S. N. Kalantaridou, T. Vrekoussis, A. Makrigiannakis and G. P. Chrousos Enuresis 931 S. K. Anand and C. D. Berkowitz Environmental Factors 934 W. R. Avison Environmental Stress, Effects on Human Performance 940 G. R. J. Hockey Epilepsy 945 C. J. Schramke and K. M. Kelly Estrogen 951 S. B. Miller, E. Neumark and A. Sita Ethanol and Endogenous Opioids 955 D. K. Sarkar Ethnicity, Mental Health 959 K. Iley and J. Y. Nazroo Evolutionary Origins and Functions of the Stress Response 964 R. M. Nesse, S. Bhatnagar and E. A. Young Excitatory Amino Acids 970 J. V. Nadler Excitotoxins 975 M. P. Mattson Exercise 982 P. Khatri and J. A. Blumenthal Expression Profiling of Stress Responsive Gene Patterns 986 N. A. Datson and M. C. Morsink VOLUME 2 .F Familial Patterns of Stress 1 A. Bifulco Family Therapy 6 B. Jalali Fatigue and Stress 11 A. Appels and W. J. Kop Fear 15 A. OپN hman Fear and the Amygdala 19 R. Norbury and G. M. Goodwin Febrile Response 24 S. Gatti McArthur and T. Bartfai Feedback Systems 31 G. Fink Feeding Circuitry (and Neurochemistry) 43 S. E. La Fleur, J. J. G. Hillebrand and R. A. H. Adan Fetal Stress 46 M. Eleftheriades, P. Pervanidou and G. P. Chrousos Fibrinogen and Clotting Factors 51 E. Brunner Fibromyalgia 56 P. B. Wood Fight-or-Flight Response 62 R. McCarty Firefighters, Stress in 64 T. L. Guidotti Fish, Stress in 68 C. B. Schreck Floods, Stress Effects of 73 J. O. Brende Food Intake and Stress, Human 79 K. Smith and G. M. Goodwin Food Intake and Stress, Non-Human 82 Belinda A. Henry and Iain J. Clarke xii Contents Food Shift Effect 88 F. K. Stephan Freud, Sigmund 90 D. J. Lynn .G GABA (Gamma Aminobutyric Acid) 97 J. D. C. Lambert Gastrointestinal Effects 109 R. Murison and A. M. Milde Gender and Stress 115 R. J. Handa and W. C. J. Chung Gene.Environment Interactions in Early Development 122 I. S. P. Davis and R. Plomin Genetic Factors and Stress 128 C. A. Koch and C. A. Stratakis Genetic Polymorphisms in Stress Response 135 I. W. Craig Genetic Predispositions to Stressful Conditions 141 D. Blackwood and H. Knight Genetic Testing and Stress 146 V. Senior and M. Cropley Genetic Variation of HPA Axis Activity and Function in Farm Animals 150 P. Morme`de Ghrelin and Stress Protection 153 T. Brzozowski, M. Pawlik, D. Drozdowicz, Z. Sliwowski, S. J. Konturek, W. W. Pawlik and P. C. Konturek Glia or Neuroglia 161 G. W. Bennett and D. E. Ray Glucocorticoid Effects on Memory: the Positive and the Negative 166 O. T. Wolf Glucocorticoid Negative Feedback 172 M. F. Dallman Glucocorticoid Receptor Mutant Mice as Models for Stress-Induced Affective Disorders 176 P. Gass Glucocorticoid Receptor Mutations and Polymorphisms 183 J. W. Koper Glucocorticoids . Adverse Effects on the Nervous System 185 R. M. Sapolsky Glucocorticoids, Effects of Stress on 190 J. C. Buckingham Glucocorticoids, Overview 198 B. E. Pearson Murphy Glucocorticoids, Role in Stress 210 J. C. Buckingham Glucose Transport 217 A. L. McCall Glycobiology of Stress 222 G. Lauc and M. FloپN gel Gonadotropin Secretion, Effects of Stress on 228 M. Ferin Gravesپf Disease (Thyrotoxicosis) 234 W. M. Wiersinga Grieving 238 A. Ray and H. Prigerson Group Therapy 242 N. Wong Gulf War Syndrome, Psychological and Chemical Stressors 248 H. Soreq .H Health and Socioeconomic Status 255 T. Chandola and M. Marmot Health Behavior and Stress 262 A. Steptoe Heart Disease/Attack 266 G. J. Baker, S. Suchday and D. S. Krantz Heart Failure, Stress Effects 272 M. Alevizaki and G. P. Chrousos Heart Rate 274 J. R. Jennings Heat Resistance 278 A. J. L. Macario and E. Conway de Macario Contents xiii Heat Shock Genes, Human 284 A. J. L. Macario and E. Conway de Macario Heat Shock Proteins: HSP60 Family Genes 288 H. Kubota Heat Shock Response, Overview 292 A. J. L. Macario and E. Conway de Macario Hemostasis and Stress 300 Roland von KaپNnel Herpesviruses 305 D. A. Padgett, M. T. Bailey and J. F. Sheridan Hippocampal Neurons 311 R. L. Spencer and S. T. Bland Hippocampus, Corticosteroid Effects on 321 M. JoeپNls and H. Karst Hippocampus, Overview 327 M. J. Meaney and S. J. Lupien Hiroshima Bombing, Stress Effects of 332 R. J. Lifton HIV Infection/AIDS 336 B. W. Dixon Holocaust Survivors, Experiences of 339 P. Valent Holocaust, Stress Effects of 342 P. Valent Homeostasis 347 B. S. McEwen Homosexuality, Stress and 348 J. Drescher Hostility 354 L. H. Powell and K. Williams HPA Alterations in PTSD 359 R. Yehuda Hurricane Katrina Disaster, Stress Effects of 364 C. Piotrowski 11b-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases 368 J. R. Seckl Hyperreactivity (Cardiovascular) 372 A. Georgiades Hypertension 376 A. Steptoe Hyperthermia 381 J. Roth Hyperthyroidism 388 I. M. Lesser and D. L. Flores Hyperventilation 390 C. Bass Hypnosis 394 W. G. Whitehouse, E. C. Orne and M. T. Orne Hypocortisolism and Stress 400 C. M. Heim and U. M. Nater Hypoglycemia 408 B. M. Frier Hypotension, Hypovolemia, and Septic Shock 413 A. Beishuizen, A. B. Johan Groeneveld and I. Vermes Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis 421 M. F. Dallman, S. Bhatnagar and V. Viau Hypothermia 428 M. J. Taylor Hypothyroidism 439 R. T. Joffe Hysteria 442 K. Pajer .I Immobilization Stress 445 R. Kvetnansky and R. McCarty Immune Cell Distribution, Effects of Stress on 449 F. S. Dhabhar Immune Function, Stress-Induced Enhancement 455 F. S. Dhabhar Immune Response 462 P. J. Delves Immune Suppression 470 P. Prolo and F. Chiappelli Immune Surveillance . Cancer, Effects of Stress on 477 D. Spiegel and F. S. Dhabhar Immune System, Aging 481 M. A. Horan xiv Contents Immunity 485 F. Chiappelli Impact of Terrorism on the Development of Mental Health Symptoms 493 R. Yehuda Impotence, Stress and 497 M. R. Gignac, G. M. Rooker and J. K. Cohen Impulse Control 500 I.-M. Blackburn Incest 502 A. P. Mannarino Income Levels and Stress 506 S. V. Subramanian and I. Kawachi Indigenous Societies 511 W. W. Dressler Industrialized Societies 517 J. Siegrist Infection 521 H. Friedman and S. H. Pross Inflammation 530 G. Z. Feuerstein, R. R. Ruffolo, C. Coughlin, J. Wang and D. Miller Instinct Theory 535 R. Gardner Jr. Integrative Medicine (Complementary and Alternative Medicine) 537 D. Spiegel Interactions Between Stress and Drugs of Abuse 540 P. V. Piazza and M. Le Moal .J Job Insecurity: The Health Effects of a Psychosocial Work Stressor 549 J. E. Ferrie and P. Martikainen .K Kidney Function 557 W. J. Welch Korean Conflict, Stress Effects of 563 C. A. Goguen and M. J. Friedman .L Learned Helplessness 567 D. M. Isaacowitz and M. E. P. Seligman Learning and Memory, Effects of Stress on 571 M. Lindau, O. Almkvist and A. H. Mohammed Left Ventricular Mass 577 T. G. Pickering Leishmania, Stress Response in 579 M. Shapira Leptin, Adiponectin, Resistin, Ghrelin 584 A. Gavrila, D. Barb and C. S. Mantzoros Leukocyte Trafficking and Stress 592 S. Hong, M. U. Goebel and P. J. Mills Life Events and Health 599 P. Surtees and N. Wainwright Life Events Scale 603 E. Wethington Lockerbie Air Crash, Stress Effects of 608 H. Livingston and M. Livingston Loss Trauma 612 A. Bifulco Lymph Nodes 616 T. L. Whiteside Lymphocytes 622 N. R. Rose .M Macrophage Antimycobacterial Activity, Effects of Stress on 629 C. S. Boomershine and B. S. Zwilling Macrophages 634 W. P. Fehder, F. Tuluc, W.-Z. Ho and S. D. Douglas Major Depressive Disorder 640 A. B. Negra.o and P. W. Gold Male Partner Violence 645 M. Ingram, N. P. Yuan and M. P. Koss Marital Conflict 651 P. T. McFarland and A. Christensen Contents xv Marital Status and Health Problems 653 I. M. A. Joung Marriage 660 A. C. Yoneda and J. Davila Maternal Deprivation 667 R. L. Huot, C. O. Ladd and P. M. Plotsky Medical Profession and Stress 674 K. G. Power and V. Swanson Meditation and Stress 678 J. L. Kristeller Membrane Glucocorticoid Receptors 686 P. J. Gasser and M. Orchinik Memory and Stress 693 S. J. Lupien and F. S. Maheu Memory Impairment 699 A. J. Parkin{ Menopause and Stress 703 N. E. Avis Menstrual Cycles and Stress 706 R. Suri and L. Altshuler Mental Stress Testing 712 P. G. Saab, K. A. Kline and J. R. McCalla Metabolic Syndrome 717 L. Keltikangas-JaپNrvinen Metabolic Syndrome and Stress 721 R. Rosmond Metals, Oxidative Stress, and Brain Biology 724 D. I. Finkelstein, T. Lynch, S. Wilkins, R. A. Cherny and A. I. Bush Metastasization 726 M. K. Demetrikopoulos Metyrapone: Basic and Clinical Studies 730 E. A. Young Migraine 733 N. M. Ramadan Mineralocorticoid Receptor Polymorphisms 744 R. H. DeRijk and E. R. de Kloet Minorities and Stress 748 I. Mino, W. E. Profit and C. M. Pierce Mitochondria 754 I. Manoli, S. Alesci and G. P. Chrousos Monoamine Oxidase 761 P. Huezo-Diaz and I. W. Craig Motor Vehicle Accidents, Stress Effects of 764 T. C. Buckley and E. B. Blanchard Mucosal Secretory Immunity, Stress and 768 J. A. Bosch and D. Carroll Multi Drug Resistance P Glycoprotein and other Transporters 774 E. C. M. de Lange Multiple Personality Disorder 783 R. P. Kluft Multiple Sclerosis 790 A. T. Reder Multiple Trauma 795 P. N. Soucacos and E. O. Johnson Musculoskeletal Problems and Stress 800 S. Svebak Myopathy 807 G. A. Small .N Natural Killer (NK) Cells 815 T. L. Whiteside, M. Boyiadzis and R. B. Herberman Negative Affect 822 A. A. Stone and A. A. Gorin Neighborhood Stress and Health 825 A. V. Diez Roux Nelsonپfs Syndrome 828 A. Stathopoulou, K. Dimitriou and G. Kaltsas Neural Stem Cells 832 U. S. Sohur, J. G. Emsley, B. D. Mitchell and J. D. Macklis Neurodegenerative Disorders 840 M. F. Mendez and A. M. McMurtray Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children 844 N. J. Rinehart and B. J. Tonge Neuroendocrine Systems 851 G. Fink Neurogenesis 865 {Deceased. P. Tanapat and E. Gould xvi Contents Neuroimaging and Emotion 870 N. A. Harrison and H. D. Critchley Neuroimmunomodulation 879 N. R. Rose Neuroinflammation 889 G. Z. Feuerstein, R. R. Ruffolo and L. J. Rutkowski Neuropeptide Y 895 C. Carvajal, Y. Dumont and R. Quirion Neuropeptides, Stress-Related 903 A. J. Tilbrook Neurosis 908 D. J. Lynn Neuroticism, Genetic Mapping of 910 M. W. Nash Neuroticism Response to Stress, Genetic Mapping of Mice 914 M. R. Munafo` and J. Flint Night Shiftwork 917 T. A پ‹ kerstedt and G. Lindbeck Nightmares 920 M. Hirshkowitz and A. Sharafkhaneh Nitric Oxide 925 S. M. McCann Northern Ireland, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in 933 P. Bell Nuclear Warfare, Threat of 937 J. Thompson Nutrition 940 J. E. Morley VOLUME 3 .O Obesity, Stress and 1 R. Rosmond Obsessive.Compulsive Disorder 3 R. T. Rubin and B. J. Carroll Oklahoma City Bombing, Stress Effects of 8 C. Piotrowski and S. J. Vodanovich Opioids 11 J. A. Russell Optimism, Pessimism, and Stress 26 M. F. Scheier and C. S. Carver Orexin 29 W. K. Samson, M. M. White and A. V. Ferguson Organ Transplantation, Stress of 35 M. A. Dew, A. F. DiMartini and R. L. Kormos Oxidative Stress 45 H. Sies and D. Jones Oxidative Stress and Acidosis, Molecular Responses to 49 C. Mobbs Oxidative Stress and Aging 52 C. Mobbs Oxytocin 54 G. Leng and N. Sabatier .P Pain 63 H. J. Strausbaugh and J. D. Levine Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia 66 J. C. Ballenger Paranoia 70 P. Kinderman Paraventricular Nucleus 75 L. W. Swanson Parenting, Stress of 79 K. D. Jennings and Laura J. Dietz Parkinsonپfs Disease 84 S. Baser Peacekeeping 88 B. Litz and S. Maguen Peptides 91 E. P. Zorrilla and G. F. Koob Perinatal Dexamethasone 97 E. Fuchs Persian Gulf War, Stress Effects of 102 S. M. Southwick, D. Vojvoda, C. A. Morgan III and D. Lipschitz Personality Processes 108 R. J. Larsen Pharmacological Treatments of Stress 113 O. G. Cameron Contents xvii Pheromones 119 A. Kumar, C. A. Dudley, S. Chakravarty and R. L. Moss Pituitary Regulation, Role of 127 F. A. Antoni Police, Stress in 131 R. J. Burke Posttraumatic Stress Disorder . Clinical 135 N. C. Feeny, L. R. Stines and E. B. Foa Posttraumatic Stress Disorder . Neurobiological basis for 140 M. Barad Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children 145 A. M. La Greca Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Delayed 150 A. Holen Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Neurobiology of 152 J. D. Bremner Posttraumatic Therapy 157 A. M. Rasmusson, C. M. Monson and P. A. Resick Pregnancy . Maternal and Perinatal Stress . Effects of 165 P. Smirnaki and M.-A. Magiakou Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder 173 S. Nowakowski, P. Haynes and B. L. Parry Pre-pulse Inhibition 180 M. van den Buuse Pressure, Effects of Extreme High and Low 184 R. J. Varnes Primate Hierarchies and Personality 194 R. M. Sapolsky Primate Models, Behavioral. Immunological Interactions 199 M. L. Laudenslager and S. Tiefenbacher Primate Models, Cardiovascular Disease 204 J. R. Kaplan Primate Models, Overview 211 D. M. Lyons Primates: Rearing and Effects of Stress on Primate CNS Function 214 T. K. Newman and C. S. Barr Prison 217 D. L. Whitehead and A. Steptoe Prisoners of War 223 C. Tennant Problem-Solving Skills Training 227 A. M. Nezu, C. M. Nezu and T. J. DپfZurilla Prolactin and Stress 231 G. Tolis, G. Rombopoulos, D. Kaltsas, E. Katounda, V. Kaltzidou and N. Angelopoulos Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) 233 A. B. Bicknell Prostaglandins 240 S. Moshonov, U. Zor and Z. Naor Proteases in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotic Cell Organelles 247 E. Conway de Macario and A. J. L. Macario Proteases in the Eukaryotic Cell Cytosol 252 E. Conway de Macario and A. J. L. Macario Protein Synthesis 258 M. A. Brostrom and C. O. Brostrom Proteosome 266 M. Maldonado and J. Wang Psoriasis 271 A. B-. Kirschbaum Psychoanalysis 274 P. Roazen Psychological Stressors, Overview 278 S. M. Monroe and G. M. Slavich Psychoneuroimmunology 284 R. Dantzer Psychosocial Factors and Stress 288 J. Siegrist Psychosomatic Heart Disease: Role of Sympathetic and Sympathoadrenal Processes 292 G. W. Lambert and T. Dawood Psychosomatic Medicine 296 T. Theorell Psychotherapy 302 G. C. Smith xviii Contents Psychotic Disorders 308 J. Ventura .Q Quality of Life 317 S. M. Skevington .R Racial Harassment/Discrimination 321 D. R. Williams and S. A. Mohammed Recovery from Stress 327 S. Sonnentag and C. Fritz Reductive Stress 331 J. P. Kehrer Reenactment Techniques 336 N. Wong Refugees, Stress in 338 J. D. Kinzie Regional Blood Flow, Stress Effects 341 W. W. Blessing Relaxation Techniques 345 W. G. Whitehouse, E. C. Orne and M. T. Orne Religion and Stress 351 S. Packer 9/11, Religion and Stress 357 S. Packer Remodelling of Neuronal Networks by Stress 364 E. Fuchs and G. FluپN gge Renal and Adrenocortical Actions of Dopamine 371 B. C. Williams, Y.-C. Lo and S. W. Walker Reproduction, Effects of Social Stress On 374 C. A. Shively Reproductive Dysfunction in Primates, Behaviorally Induced 380 J. L. Cameron Resistance 386 L. M. Zabarenko Restraint Stress 389 R. J. Servatius, G. Salameh, K. M. Coyle and W. P. PareپL Revenge Fantasies 391 M. Horowitz and S. Meffert Rheumatic Disorders 395 A. T. Masi and J. C. Aldag .S Salivary Cortisol 405 C. Kirschbaum and D. H. Hellhammer Salt Appetite 409 R. S. Weisinger and N. Chen Schizophrenia 418 M. van den Buuse and D. Copolov School Stress and School Refusal Behavior 422 C. A. Kearney, L. C. Cook and G. Chapman School Violence and Bullying 425 J. Juvonen Seasonal Changes in Stress Responses 427 R. J. Nelson and L. B. Martin II Seasonal Rhythms 432 L. M. Romero Secretagogue 435 G. Fink Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) 440 M. Gitlin Self-Esteem, Stress, and Emotion 443 D. Roger Selye, Hans 448 B. Tuchweber and P. Bois Sepsis, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, and Glucocorticoid Resistance 450 G. U. Meduri Serotonin 457 B. C. Williams and Y.-C. Lo Serotonin in Stress 461 S. Kusljic and M. van den Buuse Serotonin Transporter Genetic Modifications 465 K. Sugden Sex Differences in Human Stress Response 469 B. M. Kudielka, D. H. Hellhammer and C. Kirschbaum Contents xix Sex Steroids, Response to Stress and Susceptibility to Depression 474 M. V. Seeman and L. E. Ross Sex-Specific Effects of Early Social Stress in Mammals: A Study in Guinea Pigs 479 S. Kaiser and N. Sachser Sexual Assault 484 N. C. Feeny, T. J. Linares and E. B. Foa Sexual Dysfunction 490 W. T. OپfDonohue and L. Woodward Tolle Sexual Offenders 494 F. M. Saleh and H. M. Malin Sickle Cell Disease and Stress 502 K. Midence Sleep Loss, Jet Lag, and Shift Work 504 E. Van Cauter Sleep, Sleep Disorders, and Stress 506 A. N. Vgontzas, S. Pejovic and M. Karataraki Smoking and Stress 515 F. J. McClernon and D. G. Gilbert Social Capital 520 I. Kawachi Social Networks and Social Isolation 523 L. F. Berkman Social Status and Stress 528 D. de Ridder Social Stress, Animal Models of 533 J. Bugajski, A. Ga ( dek-Michalska and A. J. Bugajski Social Support 539 T. C. Antonucci, J. E. Lansford and K. J. Ajrouch Social Support in Trauma 542 K. OپfDonnell and A. Steptoe Somatic Disorders 545 F. Creed Space, Health Risks of 548 V. A. Convertino Spinal Cord Injury, Physical Stress of 554 S. Bhatia and M. Quigley Spinal Cord Injury, Psychological Stress of 557 S. D. Schnakenberg-Ott and M. R. Lovell Startle Response 561 C. O. Ladd, P. M. Plotsky and M. Davis Steroid Hormone Receptors 568 M. Beato and J. Klug Steroid Hydroxylases 581 F. H. de Jong Strain Differences in Stress Response in Rodents 585 P. Morme`de Stress and Anxiety: Treatment with 2nd Generation Antipsychotic Drugs 587 J. S. Ballon, J. A. Boyd and D. A. Wirshing Stress and CNS Arousal: Genomic Contributions 591 A. C. Ribeiro and D. W. Pfaff Stress Effect of Assisted Reproduction 596 F. M. Helmerhorst, R. Sibug and E. R. de Kloet Stress Effects, Overview 599 A. Steptoe Stress Generation 601 J. E. Roberts and J. A. Ciesla Stress Hyporesponsive Period 606 S. Levine, E. R. de Kloet, G. Dent and M. S. Schmidt Stress in University Students 612 B. Andrews and J. Hejdenberg Stress Induced Anovulation 615 S. L. Berga and T. L. Loucks Stress Management and Cardiovascular Disease 631 D. Lane and D. Carroll Stress Management, CAM Approach 636 K. Krebs Stress of Self Esteem 640 J. C. Pruessner, S. Wuethrich and M. W. Baldwin Stress System Balance Hypothesis 646 E. R. de Kloet Stress, Beneficial Effects of 650 S. Joseph and P. A. Linley Stress, Definitions and Concepts of 653 B. S. McEwen xx Contents Stress, Insulin Resistance, and Type II Diabetes 654 C. Tsigos and I. Kyrou Stress, NPY, and Cardiovascular Diseases 660 Z. Zukowska Suicide Terrorism, Genesis of 667 A. Speckhard Suicide, Biology of 677 M. A. Oquendo, L. Giner and J. J. Mann Suicide, Psychology of 684 D. Lester and R. L. Walker Suicide, Sociology of 689 D. Lester and R. M. Fernquist Surgery and Stress 693 C. VoپN gele Survivor Guilt 695 P. Valent Sympathetic Nervous System 697 D. S. Goldstein Synthetic Glucocorticoids 704 A. M. Karssen and E. R. de Kloet Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 708 D. J. Wallace .T Teaching and Stress 713 E. R. Greenglass Temperature Effects 717 J. Roth Terrorism 719 P. Bell Thermal Stress 723 C. M. Blatteis Thermotolerance, Thermoresistance, and Thermosensitivity 726 S. Gatti McArthur, D. Alberati and T. Bartfai Three Mile Island, Stress Effects of 735 A. L. Dougall and A. Baum Thymus 738 M. S. Vacchio Thyroid Hormones 743 T. J. Visser and E. Fliers Torture 749 I. Genefke, H. Marcussen and O. V. Rasmussen Transport-Related Stress 756 R. G. Smart Trans-sexualism 760 R. A. Allison Trauma and Memory 765 B. A. van der Kolk Trauma Group Therapy 767 J. Dwyer and L. G. Martin Traumatic Stress and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, the Israeli Experience 771 E. Klein and J. Zohar Trier Social Stress Test 776 B. M. Kudielka, S. WuپN st, C. Kirschbaum and D. H. Hellhammer Type A Personality, Type B Personality 782 W. S. Shaw and J. E. Dimsdale .U Ulceration, Gastric 787 R. Murison and A. M. Milde Ultradian Rhythms 791 S. L. Lightman Understimulation/Boredom 794 V. J. Sutherland Unemployment, Stress, and Health 797 M. Bartley Urocortins 804 EپL . M. Fekete and E. P. Zorrilla .V Vaccination 813 V. E. Burns, A. C. Phillips and K. M. Edwards Vasoactive Peptides 817 W. K. Samson and M. M. White Vasopressin 824 L. P. Renaud Vietnam Veterans, Postwar Experiences and Health Outcomes 830 J. A. Boscarino Contents xxi Violence 838 E. K. Englander Viral Virulence and Stress 842 A. J. L. Macario and E. Conway de Macario Viruses and Stress 850 G. Z. Feuerstein, R. R. Ruffolo and B.-N. David .W Waist.Hip Ratio 853 R. Rosmond War Stress in the Former Yugoslavia 855 M. FloپN gel, S. S. upraha Goreta and G. Lauc War, Suicide and Sacrifice 860 V. Hazboun War-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Treatment of 865 L. B. Slone and M. J. Friedman Work.Family Balance 868 J. G. Grzywacz and A. B. Butler Workplace Stress 871 U. Lundberg VOLUME 4 Contributors 1 Subject Index 21 xxii Contents