Encyclopedia of soils in the environment

VOLUME 1 A ACID RAIN AND SOIL ACIDIFICATION L Blake 1 ACIDITY N Bolan, D Curtin and D Adriano 11 AERATION D E Rolston 17 AGGREGATION Microbial Aspects S D Frey 22 Physical Aspects J R Nimmo 28 AGROFORESTRY P K R Nair 35 AIR PHASE see AERATION; DIFFUSION ALBEDO see ENERGY BALANCE; RADIATION BALANCE ALLOPHANE AND IMOGOLITE see AMORPHOUS MATERIALS ALLUVIUM AND ALLUVIAL SOILS J L Boettinger 45 ALUMINUM SPECIATION D R Parker 50 AMMONIA D E Kissel and M L Cabrera 56 AMORPHOUS MATERIALS J Harsh 64 ANAEROBIC SOILS P W Inglett, K R Reddy and R Corstanje 72 ANION EXCHANGE see CATION EXCHANGE APPLICATIONS OF SOILS DATA P J Lawrence 78 ARCHAEA J E T McLain 88 ARCHEOLOGY IN RELATION TO SOILS J A Homburg 95 B BACTERIA Plant Growth-Promoting Y Bashan and L E de-Bashan 103 Soil L J Halverson 115 BACTERIOPHAGE M Radosevich, K E Williamson and K E Wommack 122 BIOCONTROL OF SOIL-BORNE PLANT DISEASES C E Pankhurst and J M Lynch 129 BIODIVERSITY D H Wall 136 BUFFERING CAPACITY B R James 142 BULK DENSITY see POROSITY AND PORE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION C CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM IN SOILS N Bolan, P Loganathan and S Saggar 149 CAPILLARITY D Or and M Tuller 155 CARBON CYCLE IN SOILS Dynamics and Management C W Rice 164 Formation and Decomposition C A Cambardella 170 CARBON EMISSIONS AND SEQUESTRATION K Paustian 175 CATION EXCHANGE L M McDonald, V P Evangelou and M A Chappell 180 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA A P Schwab 189 CHEMICAL SPECIATION MODELS see SURFACE COMPLEXATION MODELING CHERNOZEMS see GRASSLAND SOILS CHILDS, ERNEST CARR E G Youngs 195 CIVILIZATION, ROLE OF SOILS D Hillel 199 CLASSIFICATION OF LAND USE see LAND-USE CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS R W Arnold 204 CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS Australian R W Fitzpatrick 211 FAO F O Nachtergaele 216 Russian, Background and Principles M Gerasimova 223 Russian, Evolution and Examples D Konyushkov 227 USA D J Brown 235 CLAY MINERALS D G Schulze 246 CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS P Bullock 254 CLIMATE MODELS, ROLE OF SOIL P Smith 262 COLD-REGION SOILS C-L Ping 268 COLLOID-FACILITATED SORPTION AND TRANSPORT R Kretzschmar 276 COMPACTION J J H van den Akker and B Soane 285 COMPOST T L Richard 294 CONDITIONERS R E Sojka, J A Entry and W J Orts 301 CONSERVATION see EROSION: Water-Induced; Wind-Induced; SUSTAINABLE SOIL AND LAND MANAGEMENT; TERRACES AND TERRACING CONSERVATION TILLAGE M R Carter 306 COVER CROPS L Edwards and J Burney 311 CROP ROTATIONS C A Francis 318 CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS L S Pereira and I Alves 322 CROP-RESIDUE MANAGEMENT D C Reicosky and A R Wilts 334 CRUSTS Biological J Belnap 339 Structural R L Baumhardt and R C Schwartz 347 CULTIVATION AND TILLAGE M R Carter and E McKyes 356 D DARCY’S LAW D Swartzendruber 363 DEGRADATION C J Ritsema, G W J van Lynden, V G Jetten and S M de Jong 370 DENITRIFICATION D A Martens 378 DESERTIFICATION D Hillel and C Rosenzweig 382 DIFFUSION T Addiscott and P Leeds-Harrison 389 DISINFESTATION A Gamliel and J Katan 394 DISPERSION see FLOCCULATION AND DISPERSION DISSOLUTION PROCESSES, KINETICS K G Scheckel and C A Impellitteri 400 DRAINAGE, SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE N R Fausey 409 DRYLAND FARMING G A Peterson 414 E EARTHWORMS see FAUNA EDAPHOLOGY A L Ulery 419 ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE see ELECTRON-SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY ELECTRON-SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY N Senesi and G S Senesi 426 ELECTROSTATIC DOUBLE-LAYER see CATION EXCHANGE ENERGY BALANCE M Fuchs 438 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING P J Loveland and P H Bellamy 441 ENZYMES IN SOILS R P Dick and E Kandeler 448 EROSION Irrigation-Induced G A Lehrsch, D L Bjorneberg and R E Sojka 456 Water-Induced J E Gilley 463 Wind-Induced T M Zobeck and R S Van Pelt 470 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS E A Kirkby 478 EUTROPHICATION A J Gold and J T Sims 486 EVAPORATION OF WATER FROM BARE SOIL C W Boast and F W Simmons 494 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION G Stanhill 502 F FACTORS OF SOIL FORMATION Biota A H Jahren 507 Climate O C Spaargaren and J A Deckers 512 Human Impacts J Sandor, C L Burras and M Thompson 520 Parent Material K R Olson 532 Time E F Kelly and C M Yonker 536 FAUNA T Winsome 539 FERTIGATION U Kafkafi and S Kant 1 FERTILITY J L Havlin 10 FERTILIZERS AND FERTILIZATION H W Scherer 20 FIELD CAPACITY see WATER CYCLE FLOCCULATION AND DISPERSION I Shainberg and G J Levy 27 FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY N Senesi and V D’Orazio 35 FOLIAR APPLICATIONS OF NUTRIENTS M Tagliavini and M Toselli 53 FOOD-WEB INTERACTIONS P C de Ruiter and J C Moore 59 FORENSIC APPLICATIONS W F Rowe 67 FOREST SOILS J R Boyle 73 FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY D Peak 80 FRACTAL ANALYSIS Y Pachepsky and J W Crawford 85 FREEZING AND THAWING Cycles B Sharratt 98 Processes G N Flerchinger, G A Lehrsch and D K McCool 104 FUNGI K Ritz 110 VOLUME 2 G GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS J Bo¨hner, T Selige and R Ko¨the 121 GERMINATION AND SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT A Hadas 130 GLOBAL WARMING see CARBON EMISSIONS AND SEQUESTRATION; CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS; GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS GRASSLAND SOILS J A Mason and C W Zanner 138 GREEN MANURING see COVER CROPS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS K A Smith 145 GROUNDWATER AND AQUIFERS Y Bachmat 153 GROUNDWATER POLLUTION see POLLUTION: Groundwater H HEAT AND MOISTURE TRANSPORT R Horton and A Globus 169 HEAT CAPACITY see THERMAL PROPERTIES AND PROCESSES HEAT FLOW see THERMAL PROPERTIES AND PROCESSES HEAVY METALS D C Adriano, N S Bolan, J Vangronsveld and W W Wenzel 175 HILGARD, EUGENE WOLDEMAR R Amundson 182 HOOGHOUDT, SYMEN BAREND P A C Raats and R R van der Ploeg 188 HUMIFICATION T C Balser 195 HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES, TEMPERATURE EFFECTS S A Grant 207 HYDRIC SOILS G W Hurt 212 HYDROCARBONS P Kostecki, R Morrison and J Dragun 217 HYDRODYNAMIC DISPERSION see SOLUTE TRANSPORT HYDRODYNAMICS IN SOILS T P A Ferre´ and A W Warrick 227 HYSTERESIS J H Dane and R J Lenhard 231 I IMMISCIBLE FLUIDS R J Lenhard, J H Dane and M Oostrom 239 INCEPTISOLS A Palmer 248 INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION see POLLUTION: Industrial INFILTRATION T P A Ferre´ and A W Warrick 254 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY see FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY IRON NUTRITION K Mengel and H Kosegarten 260 IRRIGATION Environmental Effects S Topcu and C Kirda 267 Methods D L Bjorneberg and R E Sojka 273 ISOTOPES IN SOIL AND PLANT INVESTIGATIONS K Reichardt and O O S Bacchi 280 ISOTROPY AND ANISOTROPY T-C J Yeh, P Wierenga, R Khaleel and R J Glass 285 J JENNY, HANS R Amundson 293 K KELLOGG, CHARLES J D Helms 301 KINETIC MODELS P M Jardine 307 KIRKHAM, DON D R Nielsen and R R van der Ploeg 315 L LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW see HYDRODYNAMICS IN SOILS LANDFILLS see WASTE DISPOSAL ON LAND: Municipal LAND-USE CLASSIFICATION J A LaGro Jr 321 LAWES, JOHN BENNET AND GILBERT, JOSEPH HENRY A E Johnston 328 LEACHING PROCESSES B E Clothier and S Green 336 LIEBIG, JUSTUS VON R R van der Ploeg, W Bo¨hm and M B Kirkham 343 LIMING E J Kamprath and T J Smyth 350 LIPMAN, JACOB G. J C F Tedrow 358 LOESS A J Busacca and M R Sweeney 364 LOWDERMILK, WALTER CLAY J D Helms 373 LYSIMETRY T A Howell 379 M MACRONUTRIENTS C W Wood, J F Adams and B H Wood 387 MACROPORES AND MACROPORE FLOW, KINEMATIC WAVE APPROACH P F Germann 393 MAGNESIUM IN SOILS see CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM IN SOILS MANURE MANAGEMENT J T Sims and R O Maguire 402 MARBUT, CURTIS FLETCHER J P Tandarich 410 MATRIC POTENTIAL see HYDRODYNAMICS IN SOILS; WATER POTENTIAL; WATER RETENTION AND CHARACTERISTIC CURVE MEDITERRANEAN SOILS J Torrent 418 METAL OXIDES A C Scheinost 428 METALS AND METALLOIDS, TRANSFORMATION BY MICROORGANISMS S M Glasauer, T J Beveridge, E P Burford, F A Harper and G M Gadd 438 METALS, HEAVY see HEAVY METALS MICROBIAL PROCESSES Environmental Factors P G Hartel 448 CommunityAnaly sis C H Nakatsu 455 Kinetics N S Panikov 463 MICRONUTRIENTS L M Shuman 479 MINERAL–ORGANIC–MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS P M Huang, M C Wang and M K Wang 486 MINERALS, PRIMARY P M Huang and M K Wang 500 MINERALS, SECONDARY see CLAY MINERALS MINIMUM TILLAGE see CONSERVATION TILLAGE MISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT see SOLUTE TRANSPORT MORPHOLOGY P R Owens and E M Rutledge 511 MULCHES C L Acharya, K M Hati and K K Bandyopadhyay 521 MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI L M Egerton-Warburton, J I Querejeta, M F Allen and S L Finkelman 533 N NEMATODES D A Neher and T O Powers 1 NEUTRON SCATTERING M J Fayer and G W Gee 6 NITROGEN IN SOILS Cycle M S Coyne and W W Frye 13 Nitrates D S Powlson and T M Addiscott 21 Nitrification J I Prosser 31 Plant Uptake A Hodge 39 Symbiotic Fixation J I Sprent 46 NITROGEN FERTILIZERS see FERTILIZERS AND FERTILIZATION NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL G W Gee, P D Meyer and A L Ward 56 NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY N K Fageria and V C Baligar 63 NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT G D Binford 71 VOLUME 3 O ORGANIC FARMING C A Francis 77 ORGANIC MATTER Principles and Processes M Schnitzer 85 Genesis and Formation K M Haider and G Guggenberger 93 Interactions with Metals N Senesi and E Loffredo 101 ORGANIC RESIDUES, DECOMPOSITION A J Franzluebbers 112 ORGANIC SOILS D L Mokma 118 OVERLAND FLOW T S Steenhuis, L Agnew, P Ge´rard-Marchant and M T Walter 130 OXIDATION–REDUCTION OF CONTAMINANTS C J Matocha 133 P PADDY SOILS C Witt and S M Haefele 141 PARENT MATERIAL see PEDOLOGY: Basic Principles; FACTORS OF SOIL FORMATION: Parent Material PEDOLOGY Basic Principles M J Singer 151 Dynamic F C Ugolini 156 PEDOMETRICS I O A Odeh and A B McBratney 166 PENMAN, HOWARD LATIMER J L Monteith 176 PENMAN–MONTEITH EQUATION R Allen 180 PERCOLATION see HYDRODYNAMICS IN SOILS PERMAFROST see POLAR SOILS PERMEABILITY see HYDRODYNAMICS IN SOILS PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPS) see POLLUTANTS: Persistent Organic (POPs) PESTICIDES R H Bromilow 188 PETROLEUM see HYDROCARBONS pH N Bolan and K Kandaswamy 196 PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS Overview J T Sims and P A Vadas 202 Biological Interactions M D Mullen 210 PHYTOTOXIC SUBSTANCES IN SOILS M Qadir, S Schubert and D Steffens 216 PLANT–SOIL–WATER RELATIONS R A Feddes and J C van Dam 222 PLANT–WATER RELATIONS C Gimenez, M Gallardo and R B Thompson 231 POISEUILLE’S LAW see HYDRODYNAMICS IN SOILS POLAR SOILS J C F Tedrow 239 POLLUTANTS Biodegradation P B Hatzinger and J W Kelsey 250 Effects on Microorganisms M E Fuller 258 Persistent Organic (POPs) D Johnson 264 POLLUTION Groundwater H Rubin 271 Industrial S P McGrath 282 POLYMERS AND MICROORGANISMS M C Rillig 287 POORLY CRYSTALLINE ALLUMINOSILICATES see AMORPHOUS MATERIALS POROSITY AND PORE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION J R Nimmo 295 POTASSIUM IN SOILS P M Huang, J M Zhou, J C Xie and M K Wang 303 PRECIPITATION, WATERSHED ANALYSIS J V Bonta 314 PRECIPITATION–DISSOLUTION PROCESSES W P Robarge 322 PRECISION AGRICULTURE see SITE-SPECIFIC SOIL MANAGEMENT PREFERENTIAL FLOW see UNSTABLE FLOW; MACROPORES AND MACROPORE FLOW, KINEMATIC WAVE APPROACH PRODUCTIVITY D L Karlen 330 PROFILE see MORPHOLOGY PROTOZOA W Foissner 336 Q QUALITY OF SOIL B J Wienhold, G E Varvel and J W Doran 349 R RADIATION BALANCE J L Hatfield, T J Sauer and J H Prueger 355 RADIONUCLIDES see ISOTOPES IN SOIL AND PLANT INVESTIGATIONS RAINFED FARMING see DRYLAND FARMING RANGE MANAGEMENT G L Anderson 360 RECYCLING OF ORGANIC WASTES see POLLUTANTS: Biodegradation REDISTRIBUTION see WATER CYCLE REDOX POTENTIAL R D DeLaune and K R Reddy 366 REDOX REACTIONS, KINETICS P S Nico and S Fendorf 372 REMEDIATION OF POLLUTED SOILS E Lombi and R E Hamon 379 REMOTE SENSING Organic Matter D K Morris, C J Johannsen, S M Brouder and G C Steinhardt 385 Soil Moisture T J Jackson 392 RHIZOSPHERE A C Kennedy and L Z de Luna 399 RICHARDS, LORENZO A. W R Gardner 407 ROOT ARCHITECTURE AND GROWTH L E Jackson 411 ROOT EXUDATES AND MICROORGANISMS B-J Koo, D C Adriano, N S Bolan and C D Barton 421 S SALINATION PROCESSES I Shainberg and G J Levy 429 SALINITY Management D Hillel 435 Physical Effects D Russo 442 SALT BALANCE OF SOILS see SALINATION PROCESSES SALT-AFFECTED SOILS, RECLAMATION R Keren 454 SAND DUNES H Tsoar 462 SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FLOW see HYDRODYNAMICS IN SOILS; VADOSE ZONE: Hydrologic Processes SCALING Physical Properties and Processes G Sposito 472 Transport Processes R P Ewing 477 SEPTIC SYSTEMS R L Lavigne 485 SHIFTING CULTIVATION R Lal 488 SITE-SPECIFIC SOIL MANAGEMENT C J Johannsen and P G Carter 497 SLASH AND BURN AGRICULTURE see SHIFTING CULTIVATION SLUDGE see WASTE DISPOSAL ON LAND: Liquid; Municipal SODIC SOILS G J Levy and I Shainberg 504 SOIL–PLANT–ATMOSPHERE CONTINUUM J M Norman and M C Anderson 513 SOLUTE TRANSPORT M C Sukop and E Perfect 521 SORPTION Metals D L Sparks 532 Organic Chemicals B Xing and J J Pignatello 537 Oxyanions C P Schulthess, H Wijnja and W Yang 548 SORPTION–DESORPTION, KINETICS D L Sparks 556 SPATIAL PATTERNS J H Go¨rres and J A Amador 562 SPATIAL VARIATION, SOIL PROPERTIES R Webster 1 SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA K D Pennell 13 STATISTICS IN SOIL SCIENCE R Webster 19 STERILIZATION see DISINFESTATION STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS OF SOIL PROCESSES D Russo 29 STRESS–STRAIN AND SOIL STRENGTH S K Upadhyaya 38 STRUCTURE V A Snyder and M A Va´zquez 54 SUBSOILING R L Raper 69 SULFUR IN SOILS Overview M A Tabatabai 76 Biological Transformations S D Siciliano and J J Germida 85 Nutrition M A Tabatabai 91 SURFACE COMPLEXATION MODELING S Goldberg 97 VOLUME 4 SUSTAINABLE SOIL AND LAND MANAGEMENT J L Berc 108 SWELLING AND SHRINKING D Smiles and P A C Raats 115 T TEMPERATE REGION SOILS E A Nater 125 TEMPERATURE REGIME see THERMAL PROPERTIES AND PROCESSES TENSIOMETRY T K Tokunaga 131 TERMITES see FAUNA TERRA ROSSA see MEDITERRANEAN SOILS TERRACES AND TERRACING G R Foster 135 TESTING OF SOILS A P Mallarino 143 TEXTURE G W Gee 149 THERMAL PROPERTIES AND PROCESSES D Hillel 156 THERMODYNAMICS OF SOIL WATER P H Groenevelt 163 TILLAGE see CONSERVATION TILLAGE; CULTIVATION AND TILLAGE; ZONE TILLAGE TILTH D L Karlen 168 TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY G C Topp and T P A Ferre´ 174 TROPICAL SOILS Arid and Semiarid H C Monger, J J Martinez-Rios and S A Khresat 182 Humid Tropical S W Buol 187 U UNSTABLE FLOW T S Steenhuis, J-Y Parlange, Y-J Kim, D A DiCarlo, J S Selker, P A Nektarios, D A Barry and F Stagnitti 197 URBAN SOILS J L Morel, C Schwartz, L Florentin and C de Kimpe 202 V VADOSE ZONE Hydrologic Processes J W Hopmans and M Th van Genuchten 209 Microbial Ecology P A Holden and N Fierer 216 VIRUSES see BACTERIOPHAGE VOLCANIC SOILS G Uehara 225 W WAKSMAN, SELMAN A. H B Woodruff 233 WASTE DISPOSAL ON LAND Liquid C P Gerba 238 Municipal D A C Manning 247 WATER AVAILABILITY see PLANT–SOIL–WATER RELATIONS WATER CONTENT AND POTENTIAL, MEASUREMENT G S Campbell and C S Campbell 253 WATER CYCLE D K Cassel and B B Thapa 258 WATER EROSION see EROSION: Water-Induced WATER HARVESTING D Hillel 264 WATER MANAGEMENT see CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS WATER POTENTIAL D Or, M Tuller and J M Wraith 270 WATER REQUIREMENTS see CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS WATER RETENTION AND CHARACTERISTIC CURVE M Tuller and D Or 278 WATER TABLE see GROUNDWATER AND AQUIFERS WATER, PROPERTIES D Hillel 290 WATER-REPELLENT SOILS J Letey 301 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT M D Tomer 306 WATER-USE EFFICIENCY M B Kirkham 315 WEED MANAGEMENT D D Buhler 323 WETLANDS, NATURALLY OCCURRING E K Hartig 328 WIDTSOE, JOHN A. AND GARDNER, WILLARD G S Campbell and W H Gardner 335 WIND EROSION see EROSION: Wind-Induced WINDBREAKS AND SHELTERBELTS E S Takle 340 WOMEN IN SOIL SCIENCE (USA) M J Levin 345 WORLD SOIL MAP H Eswaran and P F Reich 352 Z ZERO-CHARGE POINTS J Chorover 367 ZONE TILLAGE J L Hatfield and A T Jeffries 373