Evolutionary genetics, 2. ed.

Evolution by natural selection 3 Darwin's theory 3 Evolution in vitro 4 Lamarck, Weismann, and the central dogma 8 Further reading 12 Problems 12 Computer projects 13 2 Models of populations 15 Models of population growth 15 Selection in an asexual population 17 The accuracy of replication 20 Genetic drift in finite populations 24 Further reading 27 Problems 27 Computer projects 28 3 Evolution in diploid populations 31 Gene frequencies and the Hardy-Weinberg ratio 31 The concept of fitness 36 The spread of a favourable gene 38 Further reading 45 Problems 45 Computer projects 46 4 The variability of natural populations 49 The evidence for genetic variability 49 Mutation 53 The maintenance of variation 64 Further reading 76 Problems 76 Computer projects 77 5 Evolution at more than one locus 81 Linkage disequilibrium 81 Heterostyly in plants 84 Page xii Mimicry in butterflies 85 Linkage disequilibrium in natural populations 87 Normalizing selection and linkage disequilibrium 88 Further reading 90 Problems 90 Computer projects 91 6 Quantitative genetics 93 Nature and nurture 93 The additive genetic model 95 A more realistic model 108 Experiments in artificial selection 113 Quantitative variation and fitness 117 The maintenance of genetic variation for quantitative traits 118 Further reading 121 Problems 121 Computer projects 122 7 A model of phenotypic evolution 125 The hawk-dove gamed model of contest behaviour 125 Asymmetric games 128 More than two pure strategies 130 Continuously varying strategies 131 Will a sexual population evolve to an ESS? 134 Further reading 135 Problems 135 Computer projects 136 8 Finite and structured populations 139 Inbreeding 139 Genetic drift 143 The rate of neutral molecular evolution 146 Mitochondrial DNA 151 Migration and differentiation between populations 154 The establishment of a new favourable mutation 159 Further reading 160 Problems 160 Computer projects 160 9 Evolution in structured populations 163 Selection in trait groups 163 The evolution of co-operation: synergistic selection 164 The evolution of co-operation: relatedness 167 The group as the unit of evolution 173 The shifting balance theory 179 Page xiii Further reading 180 Problems 181 Computer projects 182 10 The evolution of prokaryotes 185 The evolution of gene function 185 Phages, plasmids, and transposable elements 187 The evolution of phages and their hosts 189 The evolution of plasmids 190 The evolution of transposons 192 The population genetics of E. coli 194 The evolution of viruses 195 Further reading 198 Computer projects 199 11 The evolution of the eukaryotic genome 201 The nature of the genome 201 The haemoglobin gene family 203 Duplication and the increase of DNA content 207 The ribosomal genes 209 Unequal crossing over and gene conversion 210 Repetitive DNA 213 The evolution of chromosome form 219 Further reading 223 Computer projects 223 225 12 The evolution of genetic systemsI. Sex and recombination The natural history of sex 225 Why not be a parthenogen? 230 The advantages of sex 234 The evolution of recombination 241 Further reading 248 13 The evolution of genetic systemsII. Some consequences of sex 251 The sex ratio 251 Selfing and outcrossing 255 Hermaphroditism 255 Sexual selection 258 Further reading 263 Problems 263 Computer projects