International encyclopedia of ergonomics and human factors. / Volume I

Part 1 General Ergonomics An annotated review of selected military and government sources of human factors design related criteria 3 Australia: Ergonomics Society of Australia 8 Biosketch: Corwin Bennett 10 Biosketch: Etienne Grandjean 11 Biosketch: Jean-Marie Faverge 13 Biosketch: Longin Paluszkiewicz 14 Biosketch: Paul Branton 15 Biosketch: Paul Morris Fitts 17 Biosketch: Ross A. McFarland 19 Biosketch: Wojciech Bogumil Jastrzebowski 21 Cognitive engineering 22 Core competencies in ergonomics 25 Cultural ergonomics 31 Defining ergonomics/human factors 35 Design 38 Ecological approach 39 Epistemological issues about ergonomics and human factors 43 Ergonomics in the Nordic countries 47 The European Union’s policy in the occupational safety and health sector 48 Exposure assessment of upper limb repetitive movements: a consensus document 52 Finnish Ergonomics Society 67 Fundamental concepts of human factors 68 Germany: Gesellschaft für Arbeitswissenschaft 71 Greece: Hellenic Ergonomics Society (HES) 72 History of human factors in United States 73 A history of human factors/ergonomics in power systems 76 History of the Gesellschaft für Arbeitswissenschaft (GfA) 88 History of work-related musculoskeletal disorders 91 Human factors, politics and power 94 Human–machine systems: written and symbolic communication 97 Iceland: Icelandic Ergonomics Society 100 IEA definitions of ergonomics 102 The International Ergonomics Association (IEA) 103 International ergonomics standards: ISO/TC 159 106 Ireland: Irish Ergonomics Society 109 ISO and CEN Standardization Committee for Ergonomics (1999): Organizational structure 110 Israel: Israel Ergonomics Society 122 viii Enviromental Ergonomics E0412 Italian Society of Ergonomics (Società Italiana di Ergonomia, SIE) 123 Macroergonomics 124 Ontology 126 An outline of ergonomics, or the science of work based upon the truths drawn from the science of nature 129 Person-centered ergonomics 142 Poland: Polish Ergonomics Society 145 Professional certification in ergonomics in the USA 146 Scenario-based design 160 South Africa: Ergonomics Society of South Africa (ESSA) 164 Spain: Spanish Ergonomics Association 165 Symvatology: the science of an artifact–human compatibility 166 Taiwan: Ergonomics Society of Taiwan 171 Task analysis 172 Training and acquisition of complex tasks 175 United Kingdom: The Ergonomics Society 178 United States: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 180 Universal design for the aging 182 Part 2 Human Characteristics Alternative controls 187 Anaerobic threshold 190 Anthropometric databases 191 Anthropometry of children 193 Anthropometric terms 197 Anthropometry 198 Body sizes of US Americans 199 Control of rapid actions: motor programming 202 Dynamic muscle strength 205 Dynamic properties of human limb segments 207 Engineering anthropometry 211 Ergophthalmology: the visual system and work 212 Event-related potentials 219 Force exertion: pinching characteristics and strengths 223 Force exertion for (consumer) product design: information for the design process 226 Force exertion for (consumer) product design: problem definition 229 Force exertion for (consumer) product design: research and design 232 Gaze-based control 234 Gesture-based control 237 Hand grip strength 240 Hand-grip torque strength 247 Handgrip characteristics and strength 252 Human muscle 255 Information processing 256 Lifting strategies 260 Maximum holding times of static standing postures 263 Models of attention 266 Multiple resources 271 Muscle strength 276 Muscle terms – glossary 277 Musculo-skeletal system 278 Physical ability testing 279 Physical strength in the older population 282 Physical work capacity (PWC) 285 Postural adaptation 287 Principles of simple movements 292 Psychophysiological fitness for work 296 Enviromental Ergonomics E0412 ix Push and pull data 299 Pushing and pulling strengths 317 Recumbents 320 Sleeping postures 323 Static and dynamic strength 327 Static muscle strength 328 Strength testing 330 Torque data 334 Trunk muscle force models 343 Visual perception, age, and driving 348 Workload and electro-encephalography dynamics 350 Part 3 Performance Related Factors Activity 355 Activity theory 358 Allocation of functions: past, present and future perspectives 363 Arousal states and human performance 370 Attention and human performance: a cognitive neuroscience approach 374 Body postures 378 Brain and muscle signal-based control 379 Burnout 382 Cognitive modeling in human–computer interaction 387 Cognitive psychophysiology in ergonomics and human factors 392 Combination manual handling tasks 395 Comfort-discomfort phase change 399 Constraints in design decision-making 403 Cross-cultural comparison of computer anxiety: concept, measures and related variables 406 Cybersickness in virtual reality 410 Databases for psychophysically acceptable maximum weights and forces in manual handling tasks developed by Liberty Mutual 413 Databases for psychophysically acceptable maximum wrist torques in manual tasks for females developed by Liberty Mutual 423 Design cognition 426 Designing for body strength 431 Driver perception and response 433 Dynamic situations 436 Ergotoxicology: towards an operational prevention of chemical risk in the working environment 4 Fatigue and driving 446 Fire-fighting and rescue work in emergency situations and ergonomics 449 Human control of the behavioral environment 454 Human error 463 Human reliability analysis 466 Learning and forgetting 470 Lifting techniques 476 Loads on the lumbar spine during dynamic work 479 Manual materials handling in unusual postures 484 Manual materials handling: multi-person lifting 485 Manual work and back stress in industrially developing countries 487 Mental fatigue and related phenomena 491 Mental models 493 Mental workability and an increasing life span 497 Mental workload 500 Mental workload measurement 504 Mental workload: theory, measurement and application 507 Models of human performance for application to military simulation 510 Monitoring an operator’s psychophysiological fitness for work 513 Noise: measuring, evaluation, and rating in ergonomics 516 Occupational stress mechanisms 524 39 x Enviromental Ergonomics E0412 Physical demands of work 526 Psychophysical risk assessment in manual handling 536 Rating scales for perceived physical effort and exertion 538 Signal detection theory 542 Signal detection theory – alternatives 546 Situation awareness 551 Situation awareness in teams 555 Skill learning: augmented feedback 558 Skill learning: conditions of training 562 Sleeping systems: current status 566 Sleeping systems: design requirements 571 Standing work 577 Static load 580 Static work capacity 583 Stimulus–response compatibility 586 The substance of cognitive modeling 590 Tolerance to shiftwork 593 Visual display terminals: age and psychophysiology 597 Visual measurement: modern methods 599 Visual perception under night driving conditions 602 Work ability 604 Work design: age related policies 606 Work hazards and risk assessment in human performance 609 Working with age: an ergonomic approach to aging on the job 613 Part 4 Information Presentation and Communication Alarm initiated activities 623 Auditory warnings 625 Augmented reality 628 Automatic speech recognition 631 Chinese keyboard input 636 Convergence of telephony, television and computing in the home 640 Cross-cultural issues in human–computer interaction 644 Cultural aspects of user interface acceptance 648 Describing and predicting human interaction with technology 651 Design of menus: choosing names, organization and selection devices 655 Ecological interface design – theory 659 Ergonomics of CAD systems 663 Functional systems design versus interface design 668 HCI hypermedia: usability issues 670 Human acceptance of information technology 673 Human–computer interaction (HCI) standards 676 Human factors and digital networks: intranets, extranets, and the internet 680 Human speech digitization and compression 683 Human ecology: developing ecological auditory warnings 686 Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) 689 Hypertext and hypermedia 691 Information design: warning signs and labels 695 Interactive speech technology 698 Internet and the World Wide Web 701 Knowledge management in HCI design 705 Knowledge-based man-modeling: job design procedure 711 Models of graphical perception 715 Multimedia production 720 Natural language communication 725 Product sensorial quality 728 Enviromental Ergonomics E0412 xi Speech-based alarm displays 733 Structured Integration of human factors and software engineering methods 735 Top ten mistakes in web design 738 Universal design in human–computer interaction 741 Use of modern Chinese language 746 User requirements in information technology 750 User-centered graphic design 754 Video telephony 757 Virtual environments 765 Virtual reality 768 Virtual reality: virtual and synthetic environments – technologies and applications 772 VR technology for ergonomics design 783 Part 5 Display and Control Design Auditory Warnings and Displays: issues relating to design and selection 791 Calibration and characterization of color displays 795 Chinese characters and computer input 798 Computer mouse use 802 Design issues: action research in control room operations 806 Design and use of displays 808 Handwheels 812 Input devices and controls: manual controls 816 Keyboards 832 Manual control devices 835 Multivariate visual displays 840 Pointing devices 844 Systematic control of exposure to machine hazards 847 Visual display technology 850 Visual fatigue and stereoscopic displays 856 Warning design 860 Part 6 Workplace and Equipment Design Active safety in car design 865 Analysis of office systems 869 Anthropometry for design 875 Anthropometry: definition, uses and methods of measurement 879 Biomechanics of wrist in computer keyboarding 883 Consumer product design 888 Design of automobile interiors 892 Design of visual displays for teleoperation 897 Ergonomic design of factory buildings in tropical countries 901 Ergonomic product design 906 Ergonomic workstation design 911 Evaluation of work chairs 921 Facility and workspace layout problems in ergonomic design 927 Handtools 933 Instrument and design 938 Laptop computer use 941 Performance prosthetic hands 944 Principles of handtool design 947 Product development approach 951 Safety in public offices in Italy 954 Ships and maritime systems: design process 958 xii Enviromental Ergonomics E0412 Ships and maritime systems: requirements and issues 963 Tactical cockpit technology 967 Virtual workplace design 971 Visual display units: positioning for human use 975 Wearable computers 978 Wheelchairs 981 Workstations organization 985 Part 7 Environment Environmental ergonomics 995 Flight motion effects on human performance 1000 Free flight 1005 Human exposure to vibration 1009 Human aspects of lighting in working interiors 1011 Illumination: basic definition 1016 Lighting equipment 1022 Mental workload under thermal stress 1026 Noise at work 1029 Noise: definitions 1033 Performance effects of high G environments 1047 Physiological costs of noise exposure: temporary threshold shifts 1050 Tolerance to sustained +Gz acceleration 1057 Toxicology 1060 Working clothing – thermal properties and comfort criteria 1063 Part 8 System Characteristics Accident analysis and “human error” 1073 Adaptive automation 1077 Affordances 1080 Automation in vehicles 1084 Compatibility 1087 Computer systems design for psychophysical safety of human operations 1091 Creating pleasurable products 1095 Engineering principles of ergonomics 1098 Ergodynamics 1099 The ergonomic qualities of products 1105 Evaluation of software usability 1110 Fuzziness, requisite compatibility and system design 1113 Human factors testing and evaluation 1119 Human factors and ergonomics testing 1122 Human factors system design 1125 Integration of quality, ergonomics, and safety management systems 1129 Integration of risk management into complex management systems 1136 Intelligent transportation systems 1139 Operator testing and non-destructive evaluation performance 1144 Process control 1148 Rail transport 1151 Systems modeling. Physical–control–information approach to decompose systems for modeling 1155 Usability evaluation 1159 Utility analysis 1163 Enviromental Ergonomics E0412 xiii Part 9 Work Design and Organization Air traffic management 1167 Air traffic management system design 1170 Air traffic inspection: A computer-based training program 1176 Balance theory of job design 1181 Changes in modern manufacturing practices 1185 Change management 1194 Collaborative engineering: spanning time and space 1197 Community ergonomics: applications 1201 Cross-cultural factors in macroergonomics 1205 Design of shift systems for shift work 1210 Distributed mission training 1214 The ergonomic buddy system 1218 Ergonomic process in small industry 1223 Ergonomics and production philosophies 1227 Ergonomics/human factors audits 1230 Ergonomics in a design engineering environment 1233 Exposure assessment of upper limb repetitive movements: work reintegration criteria 1236 Healthy work organization 1239 Historical development of macroergonomics 1243 Human factors and total quality management 1246 Inspection 1249 Kansei engineering and Kansei evaluation 1254 Management of work-related musculoskeletal disorders: clinical perspective 1257 Organizational change and supporting tools 1263 Organizational culture and development 1267 Participation 1271 Participation and collaboration in workplace design 1274 Participation of users in architectural design 1278 Participatory ergonomics 1282 Participatory ergonomics – a Scandinavian approach 1287 Participatory ergonomics at the shop floor level 1290 Prevention and compensation of shiftwork effects 1293 Principles and strategies for team training 1296 Psychosocial and work organization risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders 1299 Quality and ergonomics in concert 1303 Quality inspection task in modern manufacturing 1308 Quality management continuous improvement and total quality management 1312 Quality of life and usability engineering 1317 Rapid macroergonomic redesign 1322 Risk management 1327 The role of the ergonomist in a design engineering environment 1334 Safety culture 1337 Safety, ergonomics and total quality management 1341 Self-managed work teams 1344 Service quality and ergonomics 1347 Shift work 1350 Shiftwork and Sleep 1355 Shiftwork health consequences 1359 Shiftwork Stress 1362 Situational awareness issues at work 1365 Sociotechnical systems analysis 1367 Socio-technical theory 1370 Systems approach to training 1374 Task analytical methodology for design of an aircraft inspection training program 1378 Team effectiveness and competencies 1384 Team performance 1388 xiv Enviromental Ergonomics E0412 Team training 1391 Team training for aircraft maintenance 1394 Teamwork 1401 Technology transfer 1405 Tools to design and evaluate new forms of work organization 1411 Training system development in ergonomics 1419 Usability and product design 1426 User-centered systems analysis in aircraft maintenance 1429 User-centred design: needs analysis 1433 Work design: barriers facing the integration of ergonomics into system design 1437 Work organization interventions 1441 Work organization, job stress and occupational health 1446 Part 10 Health and Safety Agriculture 1453 Anthropometry for the needs of rehabilitation 1457 Assessing the risk of upper limb disorders 1461 Assessment of combined occupational low back disorder risk factors 1466 Back belts 1469 Building and the construction industry 1472 Construction 1486 Diagnosis of work-related musculoskeletal disorders 1489 Epidemiology: principles and approaches to prevention of occupational injury 1493 Ergonomics considerations for reducing cumulative trauma exposure in underground mining 1497 Exposure assessment of low back disorders: manual material handling limits 1501 Exposure assessment of low back disorders: assessment criteria for manual handling tasks 1503 Exposure assessment of low back disorders: criteria for health surveillance 1505 Exposure assessment of upper limb repetitive movements: criteria for health surveillance 1507 Exposure assessment of upper limb repetitive movements: Epidemiology 1510 Exposure assessment of upper limb repetitive movements: ergonomic principles for prevention 1512 A framework for assessment of work-related musculoskeletal hazards 1515 Health and safety ergonomics 1522 A heuristic dose–response model for cumulative risk factors in repetitive manual work 1523 Maximum loads and manual materials handling 1527 Micro- and macro-ergonomic interventions in industrially developing countries 1533 Motor vehicle safety 1537 Obstacles to recovery from work-related musculoskeletal disorders 1542 Occupational biomechanics 1545 Occupational epidemiology with special focus on ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders 1558 Occupational health and ergonomics 1562 Occupational injuries and medication use 1566 Occupational injury 1569 Occupational injury epidemiology: principles and approaches to prevention 1573 P5–P95 syndrome 1578 Risk factors for non-specific musculoskeletal disorders 1579 Risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders: demographic, social and work change aspects in France 1582 Robot safety standard – R15.06 1585 Slaughterhouses 1588 Slip, trip and fall accidents 1591 Slips and falls 1594 The strain index 1598 Surveillance for work-related musculoskeletal disorders 1601 System safety engineering and risk assessment 1604 Work organizations: health and productivity issues 1608 Work organization and psychosocial work factors: definitions 1612 Work-related musculoskeletal disorders of upper limb and back: review of guidelines for their prevention 1617 Enviromental Ergonomics E0412 xv Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: general issues 1621 Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: overview 1625 Work-related musculoskeletal disorders in dental care workers 1633 Part 11 Social and Economic Impact of the System Analysis of worker’s compensation data 1641 Collaborative learning environment in higher education: implementing job and organizational learning theories in academia 1644 Communication processes in small groups 1648 Community ergonomics theory: applications to international corporations 1651 Community ergonomics: planning and design solutions for urban poverty 1655 Economic models for ergonomists 1659 Education: the teaching of ergonomics 1662 Enhancing industrial performance 1669 Ergonomics and quality of life 1675 Forensic human factors/ergonomics 1678 Job demands and occupational health 1683 Legal considerations for the human factors specialist 1689 Low-cost ergonomics improvements 1692 Management perspectives for workplace ergonomics 1694 Production standards and performance feedback: a strategy for improving worker productivity and satisfaction 1699 Psychosocial work factors and work organization 1705 Social policy and industrial development 1709 Socially centered design 1712 Sociotechnical analysis of work system structure: applying empirical models of sociotechnical system elements 1715 Sociotechnical systems theory: the sociotechnical systems model of work systems 1720 Telework 1723 Trade union approaches to workplace Improvements 1726 Types of organizational designs 1730 Part 12 Methods and Techniques Activity and other sampling methods 1735 AET ergonomic job description questionnaire 1742 Basic ergonomics checklists 1747 Biomechanical modeling of human strength 1751 Biomechanics of low back: guidelines for manual work 1754 Bivariate anthropometric design for workspaces and products 1758 Cognitive systems engineering 1768 Computer simulation: applications to human factors and ergonomics 1771 Content analysis: hypermedial design 1775 Design methodology 1778 DIALOG: human reliability assessment 1780 Digital human models for ergonomics 1783 Ecological ergonomics: theory in context 1787 Ecological interface design: applications 1790 Electromyography: fundamentals 1795 Electromyography: methods and techniques 1801 Ergograms 1805 Ergonomic data for the design and evaluation of technical systems 1811 Ergonomics methods: selection criteria 1817 Goals operators methods and selection rules (GOMS) 1822 Heart rate as strain index 1826 Human body positioning analysis 1831 Human factors: reliability and risk assessment 1836 xvi Enviromental Ergonomics E0412 Human factors design tools for consumer–product interfaces 1839 Human sensory measurement application technology (HMSAT) 1843 Human systems engineering process and methods 1846 Job analysis and ergonomic assessment after injury 1850 Job load and hazard analysis 1857 Medical equipment usability testing: an introduction 1859 The MUSE method for usability engineering 1864 MUSE–JSD: structured integration of human factors and software engineering methods 1867 Noise: metrics and equipment 1870 The OCRA method: assessment of exposure to occupational repetitive actions of the upper limbs 1875 OWAS – a method for analysis of working postures 1880 Prevention of work injury 1884 Psychophysiological methods 1889 Scientific management influences on ergonomic analysis techniques 1896 Survey design 1899 A survey of ergonomics methods 1903 Task analysis for error identification 1908 Task analysis in Industry 1911 Work stress quantification and evaluation using ErgoMOSTTM 1915 Published ergonomics literature 1920 Bibliography 1940