Introduction to toxicology: 3rd

Preface to the First Edition xi Preface to the Third Edition xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter outline 1 Historical aspects 2 Types of toxic substance 5 Types of exposure 8 Dose–response relationship 9 Summary and learning objectives 15 Questions 16 Bibliography 17 CHAPTER 2 DISPOSITION OF TOXIC COMPOUNDS 19 Chapter outline 19 Absorption of toxic compounds 20 Distribution of toxic compounds 27 Excretion of toxic compounds 30 Summary and learning objectives 34 Questions 35 Bibliography 37 CHAPTER 3 METABOLISM OF FOREIGN COMPOUNDS 39 Chapter outline 39 Introduction 39 Factors affecting toxic responses 48 Summary and learning objectives 52 Questions 53 Bibliography 54 CHAPTER 4 TYPES OF EXPOSURE AND RESPONSE 57 Chapter outline 57 Types of exposure 57 Route of exposure 58 Types of toxic response 58 Biomarkers 67 Summary and learning objectives 68 Questions 70 Bibliography 71 CHAPTER 5 DRUGS AS TOXIC SUBSTANCES 73 Chapter outline 73 Introduction 73 Paracetamol 74 Aspirin (salicylate) 75 Hydralazine 78 Halothane 80 Debrisoquine 81 Thalidomide 82 Drug interactions 83 Altered responsiveness: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency 84 Summary and learning objectives 85 Questions 86 Bibliography 86 CHAPTER 6 INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY 89 Chapter outline 89 Industrial chemicals 89 Means of exposure 90 Toxic effects 90 Vinyl chloride 91 Cadmium 92 Aromatic amines 93 Asbestos 94 Legislation 95 VI CONTENTS Summary and learning objectives 96 Questions 97 Bibliography 98 CHAPTER 7 FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 99 Chapter outline 99 Introduction 99 Tartrazine 101 Saccharin 102 Food contaminants 103 Summary and learning objectives 106 Questions 106 Bibliography 107 CHAPTER 8 PESTICIDES 109 Chapter outline 109 Introduction 109 DDT 111 Organophosphorus compounds 114 Paraquat 116 Fluoroacetate 118 Summary and learning objectives 118 Questions 119 Bibliography 119 CHAPTER 9 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS 121 Chapter outline 121 Introduction 121 Air pollution 122 Particulates 125 Acid rain 125 Lead pollution 128 Water pollution 130 Arsenic 131 Food chains 132 Endocrine disruptors 134 Mercury and methylmercury 137 Contents vii Summary and learning objectives 140 Questions 141 Bibliography 142 CHAPTER 10 NATURAL PRODUCTS 143 Chapter outline 143 Plant toxins 144 Animal toxins 146 Fungal toxins 148 Microbial toxins 148 Summary and learning objectives 149 Questions 150 Bibliography 150 CHAPTER 11 HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS 151 Chapter outline 151 Introduction 151 Carbon monoxide 152 Antifreeze: ethylene glycol 154 Cyanide 155 Alcohol 156 Glue sniffing and solvent abuse 157 Antidotes and the treatment of poisoning 157 Summary and learning objectives 159 Questions 160 Bibliography 161 CHAPTER 12 TOXICITY TESTING AND RISK ASSESSMENT 163 Chapter outline 163 Introduction 163 Evaluation of toxicity 164 Acute toxicity tests 167 Sub-acute toxicity tests 168 Chronic toxicity tests 169 Testing in vitro 171 Risk assessment and interpretation of toxicological data 173 Conclusions 179 VIII CONTENTS Summary and learning objectives 180 Questions 181 Bibliography 181 Answers to questions 183 Glossary 197 Index 207