Integrated pest and disease management in greenhouse crops

CONTENTS Contributors Foreword Preface xiii xix xxi Part I: Introduction 1 Setting the Stage: Characteristics of Protected Cultivation and Tools for Sustainable Crop Protection M.L. Gullino, R. Albajes and J.C. van Lenteren 1 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. 1.7. Protected Cultivation and the Role of Crop Protection Importance of Protected Crops for Plant Production Type of Structures Adopted for Protected Cultivation and their Impact on Cultivation Techniques and Crop Protection Cultural Techniques Used in Protected Cultivation Factors Favourable to Pest and Disease Development Factors Stimulating Sustainable Forms of Crop Protection in Protected Cultivation Concluding Remarks 1 2 3 8 9 11 13 References 13 Part II: Major Pests and Diseases in Greenhouse Crops 2 Viral Diseases E. Moriones and M. Luis-Arteaga 16 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. Introduction Plant Virus Dispersal Mechanisms Major Virus Diseases in Greenhouse Crops Current Perspectives for Plant Virus Control within Integrated Management of Greenhouse Crops 16 16 19 30 References 31 3 Fungal and Bacterial Diseases N.E. Malathrakis and D.E. Goumas 34 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. Introduction Fungal Diseases Bacterial Diseases Future Prospects 34 34 43 45 References 46 4 Insect and Mite Pests H.F. Brødsgaard and R. Albajes 48 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. Introduction Major Insect and Mite Pests Prospects for the Future 48 48 59 60 60 Acknowledgements References vi CONTENTS 5 Nematodes S. Verdejo-Lucas 61 5.1. 5.2. 5.3. 5.4. 5.5. 5.6. Introduction Description and Biology Symptoms and Damage Sampling and Monitoring Control Strategies Integrated Management 61 61 62 62 64 67 67 67 Acknowledgement References Part III: Tools for IPM in Greenhouses 6 Principles of Epidemiology, Population Biology, Damage Relationships and Integrated Control of Diseases and Pests A.J. Dik and R. Albajes 69 6.1. 6.2. 6.3. 6.4. 6.5. 6.6. 6.7. 6.8. 6.9. Introduction The Disease/Pest Tetrahedron Disease Epidemics and Pest Population Dynamics: Bases for Intervening in Agroecosystems to Reduce Losses Damage Relationships Damage and Action Thresholds Damage Relationships and Thresholds in Greenhouse Crops Research on Damage Relationships Integrated Control Concluding Remarks 69 69 72 74 76 77 78 79 80 References 81 7 Sampling and Monitoring Pests and Diseases L. Lapchin and D. Shtienberg 82 7.1. 7.2. 7.3. Insect Pests Plant Pathogens Concluding Remarks 82 89 93 References 93 8 Managing the Greenhouse, Crop and Crop Environment M.J. Berlinger, W.R. Jarvis, T.J. Jewett and S. Lebiush-Mordechi 97 8.1. 8.2. 8.3. 8.4. Introduction Managing the Greenhouse Managing the Crop Managing the Crop Environment 97 97 References 106 110 118 9 Host-Plant Resistance to Pathogens and Arthropod Pests J. Cuartero, H. Laterrot and J.C. van Lenteren 124 9.1. 9.2. 9.3. Introduction Terminology Resistance Mechanisms 124 124 125 CONTENTS vii 9.4. 9.5. 9.6. 9.7. 9.8. 9.9. 9.10. Genetics of Host-Plant Resistance Durability of Resistance Breeding to Improve Host-Plant Resistance Strategies to Improve Durability Advantages and Disadvantages of Host-Plant Resistance Present Situation of Host-Plant Resistance in Commercial Cultivars Adapted for Greenhouse Cultivation Perspectives References 10 Disinfestation of Soil and Growth Media E.C. Tjamos, A. Grinstein and A. Gamliel 10.1. 10.2. 10.3. 10.4. 10.5. 10.6. Introduction Steaming Soil Fumigation Soil Solarization (SSOL) Combining Disinfestation Methods Prospects and Difficulties of Soil Disinfection References 11 Pesticides in IPM: Selectivity, Side-Effects, Application and Resistance Problems S. Blümel, G.A. Matthews, A. Grinstein and Y. Elad 11.1. 11.2. 11.3. 11.4. 11.5. 11.6. 11.7. Importance of Selective Pesticides in IPM Programmes Types of Side-Effects on Beneficial Organisms Tests and Approaches to Detect Side-Effects of Pesticides Effects of Chemical Pesticides on Beneficial Organisms Used in Greenhouses Influence of Pesticide Application on the Selectivity of a Pesticide Pesticide Resistance and Anti-Resistance Strategies in IPM Future Aspects References 12 Decision Tools for Integrated Pest Management J.L. Shipp and N.D. Clarke 12.1. 12.2. 12.3. 12.4. 12.5. Introduction Decision-Making Process Sources of Information for Decision-Making in IPM Application of Decision Tools for IPM Conclusions References 127 129 130 133 134 134 136 137 139 139 139 140 143 145 146 147 150 150 150 152 155 158 160 162 163 168 168 168 169 171 179 180