Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids : a report of the Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds, Subcommittees on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients and Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intak

SUMMARY 1 What Are Dietary Reference Intakes?, 2 Approach for Setting Dietary Reference Intakes, 6 Nutrient Functions and the Indicators Used to Estimate Requirements for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and the Carotenoids, 12 Criteria and Proposed Values for Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, 13 Using Dietary Reference Intakes, 14 Definition of a Dietary Antioxidant, 17 Evidence of Oxidative Stress and the Risk of Chronic Degenerative Disease, 17 Recommendations, 19 1 INTRODUCTION TO DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES 21 What Are Dietary Reference Intakes?, 21 Categories of Dietary Reference Intakes, 22 Parameters for Dietary Reference Intakes, 27 Summary, 33 References, 33 2 VITAMIN C, VITAMIN E, SELENIUM, AND â-CAROTENE AND OTHER CAROTENOIDS: OVERVIEW, ANTIOXIDANT DEFINITION, AND RELATIONSHIP TO CHRONIC DISEASE 35 Overview, 35 Definition and Criteria for a Dietary Antioxidant, 42 Oxidative Stress, Antioxidants, and Chronic Disease, 44 Conclusions, 51 References, 52 3 VITAMIN C, VITAMIN E, SELENIUM, AND â-CAROTENE AND OTHER CAROTENOIDS: METHODS 58 Methodological Considerations, 58 Estimates of Laboratory Values, 67 Nutrient Intake Estimates, 67 Dietary Intakes in the United States and Canada, 69 Summary, 71 References, 71 4 A MODEL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOLERABLE UPPER INTAKE LEVELS FOR NUTRIENTS 73 Background, 73 Model for Derivation of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, 75 Risk Assessment and Food Safety, 75 Application of the Risk Assessment Model to Nutrients, 80 Steps in the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, 84 Intake Assessment, 92 Risk Characterization, 92 References, 94 5 VITAMIN C95 Summary, 95 Background Information, 95 Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for Vitamin C, 101 Factors Affecting the Vitamin C Requirement, 128 Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group, 134 Intake of Vitamin C, 154 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, 155 Research Recommendations for Vitamin C, 165 References, 167 6 VITAMIN E186 Summary, 186 Background Information, 187 Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for ل-Tocopherol, 203 Factors Affecting the Vitamin E Requirement, 224 Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group, 226 Intake of Vitamin E, 243 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, 249 Research Recommendations for Vitamin E, 260 References, 262 7 SELENIUM284 Summary, 284 Background Information, 284 Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for Selenium, 287 Factors Affecting the Selenium Requirement, 291 Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group, 292 Intake of Selenium, 308 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, 311 Research Recommendations for Selenium, 318 References, 319 8 â-CAROTENE AND OTHER CAROTENOIDS 325 Summary, 325 Background Information, 326 Selection of Possible Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for â-Carotene and Other Carotenoids, 331 Factors Affecting Carotenoid Bioavailability, 354 Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group, 358 Intake of Carotenoids, 360 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, 366 Research Recommendations for â-Carotene and Other Carotenoids, 371 References, 372 9 USES OF DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES383 Overview, 383 Assessing Nutrient Intakes of Individuals, 384 Assessing Nutrient Intakes of Groups, 387 Planning Nutrient Intakes of Individuals, 392 Planning Nutrient Intakes of Groups, 392 Nutrient-Specific Considerations, 393 Summary, 399 References, 399 10 A RESEARCH AGENDA401 Approach, 401 Major Knowledge Gaps, 402 The Research Agenda, 406 APPENDIXES A Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes, 409 B Acknowledgments, 413 C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988–1994, 416 D Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 432 E Canadian Dietary Intake Data, 1993, 1995, 438 F Serum Values from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988–1994, 440 G Options for Dealing with Uncertainties, 458 H Glossary and Acronyms, 463 I Biographical Sketches of Panel and Subcommittee Members, 469 INDEX 483 SUMMARY TABLE, Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes for Individuals, 507 of Sciences.