Toxicologic assessment of jet-propulsion fuel 8

Abbreviations xix Summary 1 1 Introduction 9 Summary of the 1996 National Research Council Report on Military Fuels 10 The Charge to the Subcommittee 11 The Subcommittee’s Approach to the Charge 11 Physical and Chemical Properties of JP-8 12 Organization of This Report 12 References 14 2 Dosimetry and Exposure Assessment of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8 16 Background 16 Assessment of Occupational Exposure to JP-8 17 Measurement of Body Burden of JP-8 20 Protein Adducts as Surrogate Biomarkers of JP-8 Exposure 22 Factors That Modify Internal Dose of JP-8 22 Assessing Dosimetry in Toxicological Studies 24 Conclusions and Recommendations 26 References 27 xvi Contents 3 Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8 29 Benzene 30 Alkylbenzenes 30 C9-C13 Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons 31 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models of Benzene, Nonane, and C9-C12 or C9-C17 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 32 Toxicokinetics-Related Interactions Among Hydrocarbon Fuel Components 35 Toxicokinetic-Related Individual Susceptibility Factors 36 References 37 4 Effects of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8 on the R espiratory Tract 41 Effects of Exposure to Jet Fuels and Kerosene in Humans 41 Effects of Exposure to Jet Fuels and Kerosene in Experimental Animals 45 Effects of In Vitro Exposure to JP-8 52 Conclusions and Recommendations 53 References 54 5 Effects of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8 on the Nervous System 56 Summary of Studies Discussed in the 1996 National Research Council Report 56 Effects of Exposure to JP-8 in Humans 57 Effects of Exposure to JP-8 in Experimental Animals 61 Conclusions and Recommendations 67 References 68 6 Effects of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8 on the Immune System 71 Immunosuppressive Effects of JP-8 71 Allergic Potential of JP-8 81 Autoimmune Effects of JP-8 82 Conclusions and Recommendations 82 References 83 7 Effects of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8 on the Liver 86 Summary of Studies Discussed in the 1996 National Research Council Report 86 Effects of Exposure to JP-8 in Humans 88 Effects of Exposure to JP-8 in Experimental Animals 91 Effects of In Vitro Exposure to JP-8 97 Contents xvii Conclusions and Recommendations 97 References 98 8 Effects of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8 on the Kidney 101 Summary of Studies Discussed in the 1996 National Research Council Report 101 Effects of Exposure to JP-8 in Hum ans 102 Effects of Exposure to JP-8 in Experimental Animals 106 Conclusions and Recommendations 110 References 111 9 Effects of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8 on Reproduction and Development 113 Effects of Exposure to JP-8 in Hum ans 113 Effects of Exposure to JP-8 in Experimental Animals 114 Conclusions and Recommendations 120 References 121 10 Effects of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8 on the Cardiovascular System 123 Summary of Studies Discussed in the 1996 National Research Council Report 123 Effects of Exposure to Jet Fuels in Humans 126 Effects of Exposure to JP-8 and Kerosene in Experimental Animals 127 Conclusions and Recommendations 128 References 128 11 Genotoxic Effects of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8 130 Summary of Studies Discussed in the 1996 National Research Council Report 130 Genotoxicity in Humans 134 Genotoxicity Studies in Bacteria, Yeast, and Mammalian Cells In Vitro 135 In Vivo Genotoxicity Studies in Animals 136 Conclusions and Recommendations 137 References 138 12 Carcinogenic Effects of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8 141 Summary of Studies Discussed in the 1996 National Research Council Report 141 Carcinogenicity Studies in Humans 148 xviii Contents Carcinogenicity Studies in Animals 148 Other Relevant Data 152 Conclusions and Recommendations 157 References 158 Appendix A. Permissible Exposure Levels for Selected Military Fuel Vapors: Executive Summary (NRC 1996) 162 Appendix B. JP-8 Final Risk Assessment: Executive Summary and Introduction(TIEHH 2001) 173 Appendix C. Review of Tests Assessing Neurologic Function in Persons Exposed to Jet Fuels 201