Transport planning and traffic engineering

Contents About the contributors Preface Acknowledgements xiii XV xvi Part I: Planning for transport Chapter 1 Evolution of the transport task C.A. O'Flaherty 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 The road in history Railways, bicycles and motor vehicles Some changes associated with the motor vehicle Britain's road network A final comment References Chapter 2 Transport administration and planning C.A. O'Flaherty 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Transport administration in Great Britain The statutory land use planning process Finance Some transport planning considerations References Chapter 3 Transport policy A.D. May 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 Introduction A logical approach to transport policy formulation Problem-oriented planning and the objectives-led approach Types of objective A possible set of objectives Quantified objectives and targets Problem identification The instruments of transport policy Infrastructure measures Management measures Information provision Pricing measures 2 5 10 18 19 20 21 21 26 27 28 41 42 42 42 44 45 46 51 55 56 57 61 67 69 vi Contents 3.13 Land use measures 3.14 Integration of policy measures 3.15 References Chapter 4 Economic and environmental appraisal of transport 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 improvement projects C.A. Nash Economic efficiency Economic efficiency and markets Valuing costs and benefits Valuing environmental effects Equity considerations Economic regeneration considerations Budget constraints Appraisal criteria Appraisal of pricing policies Public transport appraisal Final comment References Chapter 5 Principles of transport analysis and forecasting P W. Bonsall 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 The role of models in the planning process Desirable features of a model Specification, calibration and validation Fundamental concepts Selecting a model Classes of model available to the transport analyst Transport modelling in practice References Chapter 6 Transport planning strategies CA. O'Flaherty 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 Do-minimum approach The land use planning approach The car-oriented approach The public transport-oriented approach The demand management approach Transport packaging References Chapter 7 Developing the parking plan CA. O'Flaherty 7.1 Parking policy - a brief overview 7.2 Planning for town centre parking- the map approach 72 74 76 80 81 82 84 89 93 94 95 95 98 99 100 101 103 103 104 105 106 108 110 128 131 132 133 138 140 141 147 151 153 154 154 155 Contents vii 7.3 Park-and-ride 166 7.4 References 169 Chapter 8 Planning for pedestrians, cyclists and disabled people G.R. Leake 170 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Introduction 170 Identifying the needs of pedestrians, cyclists and disabled people 171 Identifying priorities of need 173 Pedestrian and cyclist characteristics and requirements influencing design 174 Special needs of elderly and disabled people 177 References 179 Chapter 9 Technologies for urban, inter-urban and rural passenger 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 transport systems G.R. Leake Introduction Role of passenger transport systems in urban and non-urban areas Desired characteristics of public transport systems Urban, inter-urban and rural technologies Final comment References 181 181 182 186 187 199 199 Chapter 10 Planning for public transport CA. Nash 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 Appropriate public transport modes Commercial services Subsidised services Socially optimal pricing and service levels in public transport Public transport provision in practice Ownership and regulation Conclusions References Appendix: Alternative objectives for public transport 201 201 202 205 207 209 210 212 212 213 Chapter 11 Freight transport planning- an introduction C.A. Nash 11.1 Trends in freight transport 11.2 Roads and economic growth 11.3 Policy issues 11.4 Potential for rail and water 11.5 Conclusions 11.6 References 214 214 215 216 218 219 220 viii Contents Part I1: Traffic surveys and accident investigations Chapter 12 Issues in survey planning and design P. W. Bonsall 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 Defining the data requirements Secondary sources Choice of survey insmmaent Design of sampling strategy The survey plan Cross-sectional and time series surveys Training and motivation of staff Administration References Chapter 13 Observational traffic surveys P. W. Bonsall and CA. O'Flaherty 13~1 Inventory and condition surveys 13.2 Vehicle flow surveys 13.3 Vehicle weight surveys 13.4 Spot speed surveys 13.5 Journey speed, travel time and delay surveys 13.6 Origin-destination cordon and screenline surveys 13.7 Parking use surveys 13.8 Surveys of pedestrians, cyclists and public transport use 13.9 Environmental impact surveys 13.10 References Chapter 14 Participatory transport surveys P. W. Bonsall and CA. O'Flaherty 14.1 Group discussion 14.2 Household interview surveys 14.3 Trip end surveys 14.4 En-route surveys 14.5 Public transport user surveys 14.6 Attitudinal surveys 14.7 References Chapter 15 Accident prevention, investigation and reduction C.A. O'Flaherty 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Traffic accident terminology Accident prevention Accident investigation and reduction References 222 223 223 225 225 228 230 230 231 231 232 232 234 238 239 241 244 245 247 248 250 252 252 252 255 255 257 257 259 261 261 261 262 269 Part II1: Design for capacity and safety Chapter 16 Introduction to traffic flow theory A.D. May 16.1 Introduction 16.2 The principal parameters 16.3 The fundamental relationship 16.4 References Chapter 17 Road capacity and design-standard approaches to road design C.A. O'Flaherty 17.1 Capacity definitions 17.2 The Highway Capacity Manual approach 17.3 The British design-standard approach 17.4 References Chapter 18 Road accidents CA. OTlaherty 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 International comparisons Accident trends in Great Britain Accident costs Reducing the accident toll References Chapter 19 Geometric design of streets and highways C.A. O'Flaherty 19.1 Design speed 19.2 Sight distance requirements 19.3 Horizontal alignment design 19.4 Vertical alignment design 19.5 Cross-section elements 19.6 Safety audits 19.7 References Chapter 20 Intersection design and capacity CoA. O'Flaherty 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 Types of intersection Overview of the design process Priority intersections Roundabout intersections Traffic signal-controlled intersections Intersections with grade-separations References Contents ix 272 272 272 275 280 281 281 282 290 298 299 299 301 307 308 318 320 320 324 327 333 339 353 354 356 356 357 364 369 377 381 399 x Contents Chapter 21 Introduction to computer-aided design of junctions and highways G.R. Leake 21.1 Role of computer-aided design 21.2 What is CAD? 21.3 Data input requirements 21.4 Outputs from CAD programs 21.5 References Chapter 22 Design of off-street parking facilities C.A. OTlaherty 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8 22.9 Car parking standards Locating off-street car parking facilities The design-car concept Surface car parks Off-street commercial vehicle parking Types of multi-storey car park Self-parking multi-storey car parks: some design considerations Fee-collection control and audit References Chapter 23 Road lighting CA. O'Flaherty 23.1 Objectives 23.2 Lighting terminology 23.3 Basic means of discernment 23.4 Glare 23.5 Lamps 23.6 Luminaires 23.7 Mounting height 23.8 Luminaire arrangements 23.9 Overhang, bracket projection and setback 23,10 Spacing and siting 23.11 References 400 400 401 402 404 408 409 409 412 413 415 423 425 430 432 434 435 435 436 440 443 444 444 445 445 446 447 447 Part IV: Traffic management Chapter 24 Regulatory measures for traffic management C.A. O'Flaherty 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 Speed limits Restriction of turning movements One-way streets Tidal-flow operation Priority for high-occupancy vehicles 450 450 451 452 454 456 24.6 24.7 Waiting restrictions and parking control References 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 Chapter 25 Physical methods of traffic control CA. O'Flaherty Traffic calming Pedestrian priority Cyclist priority References Chapter 26 Signal control at intersections M. G.H. Bell 26.1 Hardware 26.2 Intersection design 26.3 Safety and fairness 26.4 Control variables 26.5 Capacity 26.6 Performance 26.7 Off-line signal plan generation 26.8 On-line microcontrol 26.9 On-line proprietary systems 26.10 References Chapter 27 Signal control in networks M. G.H. Bell 27.1 Off-line control 27.2 On-line control 27.3 References Chapter 28 Driver information systems M.G.H. Bell P W. Bonsall and C.A. 0 'Flaherty 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.7 Conventional traffic signs Variable message signs Road markings Guide posts In-vehicle information systems Issues in the provision of in-vehicle information and guidance References Contents xi 458 464 465 465 473 480 482 484 484 486 490 493 494 498 500 501 504 505 506 506 512 515 517 517 521 522 525 526 529 531 Index 532