Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology. / Vol. 198

A Abnormal gonadal development, fish, 7 Acute hemorrhagic cystitis, adenoviruses, 142 Acute respiratory disease, adenoviruses, 139 Acute toxicity, HANs (table), 176 Adenoviral pneumonias, acute respiratory disease, 140 Adenovirus disease outbreaks, waterborne, 147, 148 Adenovirus in children, studies (table), 144 Adenovirus serotypes, classification (table), 135 Adenovirus source, groundwater, 150 Adenovirus-associated disease, humans (table), 136 Adenoviruses and obesity, link, 141 Adenoviruses in water, survival, 148 Adenoviruses, acute hemorrhagic cystitis, 142 Adenoviruses, acute respiratory disease, 139 Adenoviruses, disinfection (table), 156 Adenoviruses, economic impact, 152 Adenoviruses, eye infections, 141 Adenoviruses, human gastroenteritis, 138 Adenoviruses, human respiratory infections, 139 Adenoviruses, human viral studies, 137 Adenoviruses, human-associated diseases, 135 Adenoviruses, impact on AIDS patients, 147 Adenoviruses, impact on children, 143 Adenoviruses, impact on immunocompromised, 146 Adenoviruses, in drinking water (table), 151 Adenoviruses, meningoencephalitis, 142 Adenoviruses, morbidity and mortality, 142 Adenoviruses, mortality ratios (table), 143 Adenoviruses, occurrence (table), 149 Adenoviruses, occurrence in sewage, 149 Adenoviruses, oncogenicity in humans, 138 Adenoviruses, pharyngoconjunctival fever, 140 Adenoviruses, removal from water, 155 Adenoviruses, risk assessment, 152 Adenoviruses, risks in drinking-recreational water (table), 153 Adenoviruses, risks of infection (table), 154 Adenoviruses, structure and properties, 135 Adenoviruses, waterborne disease, 147 Adenoviruses, waterborne organisms, 133 ff. AIDS patients, impact of adenoviruses, 147 Alkylphenols, vitellogenin induction in fish, 7 Altered sex skew, chemical effects on birds, 27 Altered spermatogenesis in fish, 17ß-estradiol, 8 Amphibian deformities, PCBs, 18 Amphibian early life stage, chemical impact, 13 Amphibian population decline, pesticides, 17 Amphibian reproduction, PCB and pesticide effects, 14 Amphibians, chemical effects, 12, 18 Amphibians, estrogen effects of PCBs-DDT, 15 Amphibians, fertilizer impact, 17 Anthropogenic chemical impact, mammals, 30 Anthropogenic chemicals, effect on amphibians, 12 Anthropogenic chemicals, effects in reptiles, 19 Anthropogenic chemicals, impact on fish, 4 Anthropogenic chemicals, wildlife exposure, 2 Aquatic plant biomarker, chlorophyll fluorescence, 95 Aquatic plant biomarkers, flavonoids, 83 Aquatic plant biomarkers, pathway specific metabolites, 72 Aquatic plant biomarkers, Phase I metabolic enzymes, 75 Aquatic plant biomarkers, Phase II metabolic enzymes, 78 Aquatic plant biomarkers, phytochelatins, 81 Aquatic plant biomarkers, plant photosynthetic pigments, 92 Aquatic plant biomarkers, reactive oxygen species and scavenging enzymes, 89 Aquatic plant biomarkers, stress or heat- shock proteins, 85 Aquatic plants and biomarkers, concepts, 50 Aquatic plants and xenobiotic stress, biomarkers to measure (table), 53 Aquatic plants, biomarkers to detect xenobiotic stress (illus.), 69 Aquatic plants, selecting biomarkers, 49 ff. Atrazine, effects in amphibians, 15 B B iological activities compared, HANs (table), 193 Biomarkers in aquatic plants, measuring xenobiotic stress (table), 53 Biomarkers in aquatic plants, pathway specific metabolites, 72 Biomarkers in aquatic plants, responses, 50 Biomarkers of exposure, evaluating methylmercury, 122 Biomarkers, selection and utility, 49 ff. Biomarkers, xenobiotic stress detection (illus.), 69 Bird deformities, organochlorine effects, 26 Bird reproduction, chemical effects, 24 Birds, oil spill effects, 28 Bottom-up approach, wildlife testing, 2 C C arbaryl, effects in amphibians, 15 Carcinogenesis, HANs, 183, 186 Cartilaginous fish, chemicals and reproduction, 10 Chalcone synthase, quantifying flavonoids, 84 Chemical activities compared, HANs (table), 193 Chemical effects, amphibians, 18 Chemical impact, feral mammals, 30 Chemical impact, fish, 4 Chemical impact, vertebrate wildlife, 1 ff. Chemical-induced altered sex skew, birds, 27 Chemicals, effects on cartilaginous fish, 10 Chemicals, impact on birds, 23 Chemicals, interaction with fish, 4 Chloramine, HANs link, 171 Chlorophyll fluorescence, applications to evaluate xenobiotic stress, 96 Chlorophyll fluorescence, aquatic plant biomarker, 95 Chondrichthyes , chemicals and reproduction, 10 Cycling of environmental mercury, sources, 112 D D BPs (disinfection by-products), chlorine compounds, 169 DDT, altered sex skew in birds, 27 DDT, amphibian estrogenic-androgenic effects, 15 DDT, bird reproductive effects, 24 DDT, eggshell thinning, 28 DDT, fish effects, 5 Delayed sexual maturation in fish, mill effluents, 9 Developmental abnormalities in reptiles, organochlorine effects, 22 Developmental effects, HANs, 178 Dietary exposure to methylmercury, marine source, 115 Disinfection by-products (DBPs), chlorine compounds, 169 Disinfection, adenoviruses (table), 156 Drinking water source, adenoviruses (table), 151 Drinking water, HANs contaminants, 171 Drinking water, HANs residues (table), 172 E E conomic impact, adenoviruses, 152 EDC (endocrine disrupting chemicals) disruption, mammals, 31, 33, 34 EDC effects, reptile populations, 21 EDCs, wildlife vertebrates, 3 EDCs, bird reproductive effects, 24 EDCs, flatfish effects, 5 EDCs, gender determination effects, 20 EDCs, general fish effects, 11 EDCs, mimicry of natural hormones, 7 Effluent effect on fish, pulp-paper mills, 8 Eggshell thinning, DDT, 28 Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), wildlife vertebrates, 3 Endocrine disrupting properties, metals in fish, 10 Endocrine disruption, fish gonad effects, 8 Endocrine regulation in amphibians, EDC effects, 14 Environmental chemicals, impact on wildlife, 1 ff. Environmental implications, mercury speciation, 114 Environmental mercury, global exposure and cycling, 112 Estrogen in amphibians, PCB and DDT effects, 15 Estrogenic substances, vitellogenin induction, 6 Evaluating xenobiotic stress, applications, 70 Eye infections, adenoviruses, 141 F F eral mammals, chemical impact, 30 Fertilizer impact, amphibians, 17 Fish, methylmercury consumption risks and benefits, 121 Fish effects of metals, endocrine disrupting properties, 10 Fish effects, impact of heavy metals, 9 Fish effects, oil spills, 5 Fish gonadal effects, endocrine disruption, 8 Fish hormone disruption, vitellogenin induction, 6 Fish, alkylphenol and 17ß-estradiol effects, 7 Fish, anthropogenic chemical impact, 4 Fish, reproductive impairment, 5 Fish, response to chemical exposure, 4 Fish, source of methylmercury, 115 Flatfish effects, EDCs, 5 Flavonoids, applications to evaluate xenobiotic stress, 84 Flavonoids, aquatic plant biomarkers, 83 Flavonoids, quantifying with chalcone synthase, 84 Freshwater mammals, EDC disruption, 33 G G astroenteritis in humans, adenovirus induction, 138 Gastrointestinal tract injury (GIT), HANs, 181 Gender determination effects, insecticides, 20 Gender determination, EDC effects, 20 Gene expression biomarkers, quantification, 70 Gene expression, biomarkers and plants, 52 Gene expression, evaluating xenobiotic stress, 70 Genotoxicity, HANs, 183 Global cycling, mercury exposure, 112 Gonadal maldevelopment, fish, 7 Groundwater, adenovirus source, 150 H H aloacetonitriles, metabolism and toxicity, 169 ff. Halogenated acetonitriles (HANs), formation and prevalence, 170 HANs (halogenated acetonitriles), formation, 170 HANs GIT (gastrointestinal tract) injury, pathways (illus.), 182 HANs, acute toxicity (table), 176 HANs, carcinogenesis, 183 HANs, chloramine use, 171 HANs, drinking water residues (table), 172 HANs, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) injury, 181 HANs, genotoxic effects, 183 HANs, liver tumor production, 188 HANs, mechanistic pathways, 188 HANs, metabolic pathway (illus.), 174 HANs, oxidative stress implications, 190 HANs, pharmacokinetics and metabolism, 171 HANs, prevalence in drinking water, 171 HANs, relative biological-chemical activities, 192 HANs, reproductive and developmental toxicity, 178 HANs, skin and lung tumor production, 187 Health effects in humans, methylmercury, 111 ff. Heat shock proteins, aquatic plant biomarkers, 85 Hormone effects in fish, vitellogenin induction, 6 Human adenovirus serotypes, classification (table), 135 Human adenoviruses, structure and properties, 135 Human adenoviruses, taxonomy, 134 Human diseases, adenovirus association, 135 Human exposure pathways, methylmercury, 114 Human exposure, mercury, 112 Human hair residues, mercury (table), 118 Human health effects, methylmercury exposure, 111 ff. Human illnesses, adenoviruses (table), 136 Human metabolism, methylmercury, 119 Human reports, mercury exposure, 116 Humans and weak immunity, adenovirus impact, 146 I I mpact of chemicals, amphibians, 12 Impact of chemicals, mammals, 30 Impact of fertilizers, amphibians, 17 Impact of heavy metals, fish effects, 9 Impact on birds, chemicals, 23 Impact on children, adenoviruses, 143 Impact on fish, pulp-paper mill effluents, 8 Impact on reptiles, chemicals, 19 Impact on vertebrates, environmental chemicals, 1 ff. Infection risks, adenoviruses (table), 154 Infections in humans, adenoviruses (table), 136 Insecticide effects, gender determination, 20 L L iver tumor production, HANs, 188 Lung tumor production, HANs, 187 M M ammalian toxicity, HANs, 176 Mammals, chemical impact, 30 Mammals, EDC disruption, 31, 33, 34 Marine mammals, EDC disruption, 31 Marine sources, methylmercury exposure, 115 Mechanism of action, HANs, 188 Mechanistic pathways, HANs, 188 Meningoencephalitis, adenoviruses, 142 Mercury exposure, human reports, 116 Mercury exposure, humans, 112 Mercury exposure, sources and cycling, 112 Mercury levels, human hair (table), 118 Mercury speciation, environmental effects, 114 Metabolic enzymes, aquatic plant biomarkers, 75, 78 Metabolic pathway, HANs (illus.), 174 Metabolism, haloacetonitriles, 169 ff. Metabolism, HANs, 174 Metabolism, methylmercury, 119 Metals, fish effects, 9 Methylmercury and fish consumption, risks and benefits, 121 Methylmercury exposure, human health effects, 111 ff. Methylmercury exposure, human pathways, 114 Methylmercury exposure, marine food source, 115 Methylmercury poisoning, Minamata Bay incident, 115 Methylmercury, exposure biomarkers, 122 Methylmercury, human toxicity, 119 Methylmercury, metabolism, 119 Methylmercury, risk evaluation, 120 Methylmercury, toxicokinetics, 117 Methylmercury, transport and mobility, 124 Military institutions, acute respiratory disease, 140 Minamata Bay, methylmercury incident, 115 Mobility, methylmercury, 124 Morbidity in humans, adenoviruses, 142 Mortality in humans, adenoviruses, 142 Mortality ratios, adenoviruses (table), 143 O O besity and adenoviruses, link, 141 Oil spills, effect on birds, 28 Oil spills, fish effects, 5 Oncogenicity, adenoviruses, 138 Organochlorine chemicals, abnormalities in reptiles, 22 Organochlorine chemicals, effects in fish, 5 Organochlorine insecticide effects, reptile populations, 21 Organochlorines, altered sex skew in birds, 27 Organochlorines, bird deformities role, 26 Organochlorines, bird reproductive effects, 24 Organochlorines, effects on cartilaginous fish, 10 Organochlorines, impact on birds, 23 Organochlorines, shark effects, 11 Osteichthyes, reproductive parameters, 4 Oxidative stress, HANs adverse effects, 190 P P AHs (polyaromatic hydrocarbons), fish effects, 5 Paper-pulp mill effluents, impact on fish, 8 Pathway specific metabolites, aquatic plant biomarkers, 72 Pathway specific metabolites, quantification, 73 PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), fish effects, 5 PCBs, amphibian deformities, 18 PCBs, amphibian estrogenic-androgenic effects, 15 PCBs, bird reproductive effects, 24 PCBs, effects in amphibians, 14 PCBs, endocrine disruption, 33, 34 PCBs, fish effects, 9 PCBs, reptile population effects, 21 Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), bird effects, 23 Pesticides, effects in amphibians, 14 Pharmacokinetics, HANs, 171 Pharyngoconjunctival fever, adenoviruses, 140 Phase I enzymes, applications to evaluate xenobiotic stress, 77 Phase I metabolic enzymes, aquatic plant biomarkers, 75 Phase I metabolic enzymes, quantifying xenobiotic stress, 76 Phase II enzymes, applications to evaluate xenobiotic stress, 79 Phase II metabolic enzymes, aquatic plant biomarkers, 78 Q uantification, chlorophyll fluorescence, 96 Quantification, pathway specific metabolites, 73 Quantification, Phase I metabolic enzymes, 76 Quantification, Phase II metabolic enzymes, 79 Quantification, phytochelatins 82 Quantification, plant photosynthetic pigments, 93 Quantification, reactive oxygen species, 89 Quantification, scavenging enzymes, 90 Quantification, stress proteins, 86 Quantifying stress, gene expression biomarkers, 70 R R eactive oxygen species, applications to evaluate xenobiotic stress, 91 Reactive oxygen species, aquatic plant biomarkers, 89 Reproduction in amphibians, chemical effects, 12 Reproductive effects in amphibians, atrazine, 15 Reproductive effects, pesticides and amphibians, 13 Reproductive impact of steroid hormones, birds, 26 Reproductive impairment, in fish, 5 Reproductive parameters, Osteichthyes , 4 Reproductive toxicity, HANs, 178 Reptile populations, EDC and insecticide effects, 21 Reptile effects, chemicals, 19 Respiratory infections, human adenoviruses, 139 Risk assessment, adenoviruses, 152 Risk evaluation, methylmercury, 120 Risks and benefits, methylmercury intake in fish, 121 Risks of adenoviruses, drinking-recreational water (table), 153 S S cavenging enzymes, aquatic plant biomarkers, 89 Sewage sources, adenoviruses (table), 149 Sewage treatment discharges, fish effects, 7 Sewage, source of adenoviruses, 148 Shark effects, organochlorines, 11 Skin tumor production, HANs, 187 Spermatogenesis alterations, 17ß-estradiol, 8 Steroid hormone effects, birds, 26 Stingray effects, tributyltin and its oxide, 11 Stress proteins, applications to evaluate xenobiotic stress, 87 Stress proteins, aquatic plant biomarkers, 85 Surface water sources, adenoviruses (table), 149 T T errestrial mammals, endocrine disruption, 34 Testicular growth effects, EDCs, 7, 8 Top-down approach, wildlife testing, 2 Toxicity in humans, methylmercury, 119 Toxicity of HANs, reproductive and developmental, 178 Toxicity, haloacetonitriles, 169 ff. Toxicity, HANs, 176 Toxicokinetics, methylmercury, 117 Tributyltin oxide, stingray effects, 11 Tributyltin, stingray effects, 11 V V iral studies, adenoviruses in humans, 137 Vitellogenin induction in fish, alkylphenols and Vitellogenin induction, fish hormone effects, 6