Dynamic Radiology of the Abdomen : Normal and Pathologic Anatomy

Preface to the Fifth Edition Foreword to the First Edition by R.H. Marshak Foreword to the First Edition by L.M. Nyhus Contributors Color Insert 1 General Considerations: Dynamics of Image Analysis Normal Anatomic Relationships and Dynamic Principles of Pathways of Spread and Localization of Disease Visual Factors: Perception of the Image References 2 Clinical Embryology of the Abdomen: Normal and Pathologic Anatomy Bruce R. Javors, M.D., Hiromu Mori, M.D., Morton A. Meyers, M.D., and Ronald H. Wachsberg, M.D. Early Development of the Embryo, Diaphragm Gastrointestinal Tract Duodenal Web and Bowel Duplication Embryologic Rotation and Fixation of Gut Volvulus Meckel’s Diverticulum Hepatobiliary System Hepatic Lobar Agenesis Ectopic and Accessory Gallbladders Choledochal Cyst Hepatic Duct Diverticulum Portal Venous System Portohepatic Venous Shunt Preduodenal Portal Vein Ductus Venosus Aneurysmal Dilation of the Portal Vein Agenesis of the Portal Vein Pancreas Annular Pancreas Pancreas Divisum Agenesis of the Dorsal Pancreas Pancreatic Arteriovenous Malformation Pancreatic Cysts Spleen Accessory Spleen Wandering Spleen Polysplenia SyndromeInternal Hernias Urogenital System Urinary Tract Genital System References 3 Intraperitoneal Spread of Infections Anatomic Considerations The Posterior Peritoneal Attachments Detailed Anatomy of the Right Upper Quadrant Radiologic Features The Spread and Localization of Intraperitoneal Abscesses The Sectional and Isotopic Imaging Modalities Management References 4 Intraperitoneal Spread of Malignancies Direct Invasion from Noncontiguous Primary Tumors Invasion Along Mesenteric Reflections Invasion by Lymphatic Permeation Direct Invasion from Contiguous Primary Tumors Intraperitoneal Seeding Anatomic Features Pathways of Ascitic Flow Seeded Sites Developments and Advances in Imaging Embolic Metastases Metastatic Melanoma Breast Metastases Bronchogenic Carcinoma Renal Carcinoma References 5 Staging of Gastrointestinal Cancers Importance of Staging Carcinoma of the Esophagus Carcinoma of the Stomach Colorectal Carcinoma Delineation of Normal Mural Components by Sectional Imaging T Staging T1 Stage T2 Stage T3 Stage T4 Stage Lymph Node Metastases References6 Pathways of Lymph Node Metastases in Cancer of the Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Tracts Chusilp Charnsangavej, M.D. The Supramesocolic Compartment Anatomic Consideration Peritoneal Ligaments of the Liver Peritoneal Ligaments of the Stomach Lymphatic Drainage of the Liver and Pathways of Lymph Node Metastasis Lymphatic Drainage of the Stomach and Pathways of Lymph Node Metastasis The Inframesocolic Compartment Anatomic Consideration Lymphatic Drainage of the Colon and Pathways of Lymph Node Metastasis References 7 Manifestations of Intraperitoneal Air Kyunghee C. Cho, M.D., and Stephen R. Baker, M.D. Detection of Intraperitoneal Air Supine Abdominal Films Supine Film Signs of Pneumoperitoneum Depiction of Ligaments Protruding into the Peritoneal Cavity Visualization of the Peritoneal Surface of Intraabdominal Organs Detection of Free Air Confined in Specific Peritoneal Recesses Recognition of Free Air Superimposed on the Liver References 8 The Extraperitoneal Spaces: Normal and Pathologic Anatomy Anatomic Considerations The Three Extraperitoneal Compartments and Perirenal Fasciae The Psoas Muscle The Hepatic and Splenic Angles Anterior Pararenal Space Roentgen Anatomy of Distribution and Localization of Collections Sources of Effusions Compartmentalization of the Anterior Pararenal Space Maarten S. van Leeuwen, M.D., and Michiel A.M. Feldberg, M.D. Anatomic Considerations Normal Imaging Features Abnormal Imaging Features Perirenal Space Roentgen Anatomy of Distribution and Localization of Collections Posterior Pararenal Space Roentgen Anatomy of Distribution and Localization of Collections Clinical Sources of Effusions Diffuse Extraperitoneal Gas Rectal Perforation Sigmoid PerforationExtraperitoneal Gas of Supradiaphragmatic Origin Differential Diagnosis of Small Amounts of Supradiaphragmatic Gas Psoas Abscess and Hematoma The Extraperitoneal Paravesical Pelvic Spaces Catherine Roy, M.D. Anatomic Considerations Abnormal Imaging Features References 9 The Renointestinal Relationships: Normal and Pathologic Anatomy Anatomic Considerations The Right Kidney The Left Kidney Radiologic Observations Characteristic Mass Displacements Ptosis and Rotation Invasive Renal Cell Carcinoma Perinephritis and Renointestinal Fistulas Renal Agenesis and Ectopia Direct Intestinal Effects Unique to Renal Ectopia References 10 The Duodenocolic Relationships: Normal and Pathologic Anatomy Anatomic and Normal Radiologic Features Abnormal Radiologic Features Defect of Mesocolon with Internal Herniation into Lesser Sac Masses Within the Mesocolic Leaves Effect upon the Descending Duodenum by Carcinoma of the Hepatic Flexure Duodenocolic Fistulas Effect of Gallbladder Disease on the Duodenocolic Relationships Duodenocolic Displacements from Right Renal Masses Effect on Colon of Mass Arising in Descending Duodenum Inframesocolic Extension of Neoplasm of Third Duodenum Acute Pancreatitis Duodenojejunal Junction: Relation to Colon References 11 Intestinal Effects of Pancreatitis: Spread Along Mesenteric Planes Anatomic Considerations Effects of Pancreatitis on the Colon: Spread Along the Transverse Mesocolon Hepatic Flexure Transverse Colon and Splenic Flexure Effects of Pancreatitis on the Duodenum, Small Bowel, and Cecum: Spread Along Small Bowel Mesentery Duodenum Small Bowel and Cecum References12 Pathways of Regional Spread in Pancreatic Cancer Chusilp Charnsangavej, M.D. Anatomy of the Pancreas Vascular Anatomy Lymphatic Anatomy Pancreatic Nerve Plexus Imaging Studies CT Anatomy of the Pancreatic Head Pathways of Regional Spread in Pancreatic Cancer Local Organ Invasion Vascular Involvement Nodal Metastasis Perineural Invasion Conclusion References 13 The Subperitoneal Space: Normal and Pathologic Anatomy Michael Oliphant, M.D., Alfred S. Berne, M.D., and Morton A. Meyers, M.D. Embryologic Considerations Anatomic Considerations Ventral Mesentery Derivatives Dorsal Mesentery Derivatives Lateral Continuity Continuity with the Female Organs Abnormal Imaging Features References 14 The Small Bowel: Normal and Pathologic Anatomy Anatomic Considerations Normal Radiologic Observations Axis of the Root of the Small Bowel Mesentery Undulating Changeable Nature of Coils of Bowel Loops Identification of Mesenteric and Antimesenteric Borders of Small Bowel Loops Abnormal Radiologic Features Diverticulosis of the Small Intestine Meckel’s Diverticulum Scleroderma Intestinal Duplication Seeded Metastases Hematogenous Metastases Carcinoid Tumors Regional Enteritis Lymphoma Intramural and Mesenteric Bleeding References15 The Colon: Normal and Pathologic Anatomy Anatomic Considerations Classification of Organization of Haustral Rows Normal Radiologic Observations Abnormal Radiologic Features Lesions Within the Gastrocolic Ligament Lesions Within the Transverse Mesocolon Distinction Between Intraperitoneal and Extraperitoneal Processes Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis Summary References 16 Internal Abdominal Hernias Paraduodenal Hernias Anatomic Considerations Clinical Features Radiologic and Arteriographic Features Internal Hernias Through the Foramen of Winslow Pericecal Hernias Intersigmoid Hernias Transmesenteric and Transmesocolic Hernias Hernias Through the Falciform Ligament Retroanastomotic Hernias References 17 Pathways of Extrapelvic Spread of Disease Anatomic Considerations Radiologic Findings References