Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

Acute gastrointestinal illness, unknown source, 121 Adenovirus infection, case-fatality rates, 120 Aerobic deammonitrifi cation, nitrogen removal, 176 Algae species, pesticide environmental tests, 71 Aminoglycoside antibiotic targets, in chloroplasts, 75 Aminoglycosides, chloroplastic translation & anabolic inhibitors, 89 Ammonia degradation to dinitrogen/ nitrite (diag.), 177 Anabaena fl osaquae (blue-green cyanobacteria), test organism, 71 Anaerobic ammonium oxidation, nitrogen removal, 170 ANAMMOX (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) (diag.), 171 ANAMMOX, combined partial nitrifi cation, 174 ANAMMOX, temperature effect, growth rate (diag.), 173 Animal husbandry operations, pharmaceutical releases, 69 Animal manure, pharmaceutical releases, 69 Antibiotic EC50s, aquatic higher plants (table), 81 Antibiotic plant toxicity, chloroplastic replication inhibitors, 80 Antibiotic targets, in chloroplasts, 75 Antibiotic toxicity, algae & higher plants (table), 103 Antibiotics, chloroplastic translation & anabolic inhibitors, 88 Antibiotics, fatty acid synthase inhibitors, 91 Antibiotics, folate biosynthetic inhibitors, 91 Antibiotics, mevalonic acid pathway inhibitors, 93 Antibiotics, predicted environmental concentration (table), 103 Aquatic biomass, global production, 70 Aquatic pesticide registration guidelines, pharmaceuticals, 71 Aquatic plants, pharmaceutical toxicity (table), 81 Aquatic plants, pharmaceuticals effects/ risks, 67 ff. Aquatic plants, toxicity risk from pharmaceuticals, 101 Arabidopsis thaliana genome, 72 Arsenic, phosphorus rock toxic element, 30 Atmospheric PAHs, aerosols, 13 Bacteria, agents of waterborne disease (table), 121 Bardenpho, nitrogen removal, 162 Basic local alignment search tool to query protein amino acid sequences (BLASTP), 72 Biological nitrogen removal, advantages, 162 Biological nitrogen removal, Bardenpho, 162 Biological nitrogen removal, bio-denitro, 162 Biological nitrogen removal, limitations, 162 Biological nitrogen removal, novel processes, 163 Biological nitrogen removal, oxidation ditch, 162 Biological nitrogen removal, postdenitrifi cation, 162 Index 198 Index Biological nitrogen removal, predenitrifi cation, 162 Biological nitrogen removal, sequencing batch reactor, 162 Biological nitrogen removal, shortcut nitrifi cation/denitrifi cation, 165 Biological nitrogen removal, step feeding, 162 Biological nitrogen removal, typical methods, 161 Biological removal of nitrogen from wastewater, 159 ff. Birds, Campylobacter (bacteria), signifi cant sources, 126 BLASTP (basic local alignment search tool to query protein amino acid sequences), 72 Bleaching, DNA gyrase inhibitors cause, 87 Blue-green algae, sensitivity to pharmaceuticals, 95 Bone fl uorine levels, sheep age, 54 Cadmium, accumulation in edible beef/ mutton, 31 Cadmium, control measures, soil buildup, 54 Cadmium dynamics, pasture soils, 40 Cadmium, fertilizer contribution to soils, 34 Cadmium, fertilizer limits proposed, global, 55 Cadmium forms, pasture soils, 43 Cadmium, intake/distribution, livestock, 48 Cadmium, kidney accumulation, sheep, 49 Cadmium, maximum permitted levels, food, 32 Cadmium, pasture accumulation, 46 Cadmium, phosphorus rock toxic element, 30 Cadmium redistribution, soil profi les, 45 Cadmium, sheep kidney accumulation, 32 Cadmium, soil desorption rates, 44 Cadmium sources, pasture contamination, 33 Cadmium uptake via soil ingestion, sheep, 49 Campylobacter (bacteria), birds signifi cant sources, 126 Carbon disulfi de, coal PAH extraction, 5 Carcinogens, PAHs, 7 Cattle, Cryptosporidium (protozoa), signifi cant sources, 126 China, coal energy production & use, 2 Chloroplast fatty acid biosynthesis, triclosan target, 78 Chloroplast replication & DNA gyrase targets, fl uoroquinolone antibiotics, 73 Chloroplast resistance, streptomycinrelated antibiotics, 76 Chloroplast translation & transcription processes, antibiotic targets, 75 Chloroplastic replication inhibitors, antibiotic toxicity, 80 Chloroplastic translation & anabolic inhibitors, antibiotics, 88 Cholesterol inhibition, statins mode of action, 79 Chrysene, sugar/sweets dietary source, 9 Coal burning, China, 2 Coal, China energy production & use, 2 Coal combustion, indoor PAHs exposure, 11 Coal combustion, main atmospheric PAHs source, 9 Coal combustion, PAH emissions, 1 ff. Coal combustion, PAH production mechanism, 13 Coal, incomplete combustion, PAHs, 2 Coal production, China, 2 Coal production, world, 2 Coal quality, PAH formation, 17 Coal, trace elements involved, 2 Coal, world consumption, 2 Combustion conditions, PAH formation, 17 Contaminant elements, soils, doubling time, 30 Contaminated fertilizer, pasture soils, 29 ff. Index 199 Contaminated groundwater, viral infections, 145 Continuous operation oxygen demand, SHARON (diag.), 168 Cryptosporidium, 117ff. Cryptosporidium (protozoa), cattle signifi cant sources, 126. Diarrhea, major symptom waterborne pathogens, 120 Diesel fuel PAHs, 15 Disease outbreaks, untreated drinking waters, 127 Distribution defi ciencies, drinking water diseases, 132 DNA gyrase inhibitors, fl uoroquinolone antibiotics, 80 Doubling time, contaminant elements, soils, 30 Drinking water disease outbreaks, by source, 125 Drinking water disease outbreaks, by system type, 125 Drinking water distribution system defi ciencies, 129 Drinking water, maximum contaminant levels, 133 Drinking water, microbial contamination sources, 126 Drinking water negative hydraulic pressure, pathogen entry route, 130 Drinking water parasite illnesses, U.S., 117 ff. Drinking water positive hydraulic pressure, importance, 130 Drinking water, waterborne illnesses, U.S., 117 ff. EC50 values, pharmaceutical environmental tests, 72 Endemic illnesses from drinking water, U.S., 117 ff. Enteric pathogen contamination, groundwater vulnerability, 134 Enteric pathogens, surface waters related, 127 Enteric pathogens, water distribution system source, 128 Enteric virus contamination, U.S. groundwater wells, 135 Estimates of waterborne illness risks, U.S. (tables), 144 Extraction methods, PAHs coal, 3 Fatalities, indoor coal combustion, 2 Fatty acid synthase inhibitors, antibiotics, 91 Fertilizer cadmium, contribution soil levels, 34 Fertilizer fl uorine, contribution soil levels, 34 Fertilizer-derived cadmium, 29 ff. Fertilizer-derived fl uorine, 29 ff. Fluorescence detection, PAHs, 6 Fluorine absorption/retention, livestock, 51 Fluorine, bone accumulation, sheep, 50 Fluorine bone levels, sheep age, 54 Fluorine, control measures, soil buildup, 54 Fluorine dynamics, pasture soils, 40 Fluorine, fertilizer contribution to soils, 34 Fluorine forms, pasture soils, 43 Fluorine, intake/distribution, livestock, 48 Fluorine, pasture accumulation, 46 Fluorine, phosphorus rock toxic element, 30 Fluorine sources, pasture contamination, 33 Fluorine toxicity, livestock, 31 Fluorine uptake via soil ingestion, sheep, 53 Fluorine, urinary excretion, sheep, 50 Fluoroquinolone antibiotics, chloroplast replication/DNA gyrases, 73 Fluoroquinolone antibiotics, DNA gyrase inhibitors, 80 Fluoroquinolone targets, in chloroplasts, 73 Fluoroquinolones, toxicity in plants, 80 Fluorosis risk levels, grazing sheep, 54 Folate biosynthetic inhibitors, antibiotics, 91 200 Index Food, PAHs contamination, 9 Formaldehyde, domestic coal stove source, 12 Gastroenteritis estimates, epidemiological studies, 136 Gastroenteritis estimates, from exposure, 141 Gastrointestinal illness, drinking water (table), 142 Gastrointestinal illness, household intervention trials, 137 Genomes, various organisms, 72 Geographical distribution, reported water system violations (map), 133 Giardia (protozoa), abundant in sewage discharges, 127 Global carbonaceous emissions, China-related, 2 Green algae, sensitivity to pharmaceuticals, 95 Ground Water Rule (EPA), 2006, defi ned, 118 Groundwater illness outbreaks, 126 Groundwater, untreated, disease outbreaks, 127 Groundwater vulnerability, enteric pathogen contamination, 134 Growth rate of ammonia oxidizers, temperature effect (diag.), 167 Hazard quotients, antibiotics effects, algae/higher plants (table), 103 Health benefi ts, point-of-use water treatment devices, 148 Higher plants, sensitivity to pharmaceuticals, 95 Home water distribution systems, defi ciencies, 131 Human illnesses from drinking water, U.S., 117 ff. Indoor air pollution, coal burning, 2 Indoor coal burning, unvented, hazards, 12 Indoor coal combustion, fatalities, 2 Indoor coal combustion, induced diseases, 2 Indoor coal combustion, PAHs exposure, 11 Indoor PAHs, environmental effects, 10 Kerosene PAHs, 15 Lead, phosphorus rock toxic element, 30 Legionella spp., 117 ff. Lemna gibba (higher aquatic plant), test plant, 71 Lincosamide antibiotic targets, in chloroplasts, 75 Lincosamides, chloroplastic translation & anabolic inhibitors, 89 Livestock, cadmium intake/distribution, 48 Livestock, fl uorine intake/distribution, 48 Livestock grazing area, global, 30 Livestock poisonings, contaminated fertilizer, 29 ff. Lung cancer, indoor coal smoke, 11 Macrolide antibiotic targets, in chloroplasts, 75 Macrolides, chloroplastic translation & anabolic inhibitors, 89 Maximum contaminant levels, drinking water, 133 Mercury, phosphorus rock toxic element, 30 Metabolic pathways, pharmaceutical classes (diag.), 74 Methylene chloride, coal PAH extraction, 5 Mevalonic acid pathway inhibitors, antibiotics, 93 Mevalonic acid pathway, statin lipid regulators target, 79 Microbial contamination sources, drinking water, 126 Microbial fl oc, oxygen concentration (diag.), 164 Microbial nitrogen cycle (diag.), 160 Microcosm studies, pharmaceutical effects plants, 98 Microwave extraction, PAHs, 3 Index 201 Mitochondrial folate biosynthesis, sulfonamide antibiotic target, 77 Mode of action, statin cholesterol inhibition, 79 Mode of action, sulfonamide antibiotics, 77 Municipal water distribution systems, defi ciencies, 129 Mutagens, PAHs, 7 Navicula pelliculosa (freshwater diatom), test organism, 71 Nitrifying bacteria, nitrogen removal, wastewater, 180 Nitrogen cycle, microbial (diag.), 160 Nitrogen removal from wastewater, 159 ff. Nitrogen removal from wastewater, conventional methods, 161 Nitrogen removal, mechanism & principle, 161 Nitrogen removal, shortcut nitrifi cation & denitrifi cation, 165 Nitrogen removal, simultaneous nitrifi cation & denitrifi cation, 163 Nitrogen removal, wastewater, comparisons of technologies, 183 Nitrogen removal, wastewater, inhibitors, 169 Nitrogen removal, wastewater, novel processes, 163 Nontransient noncommunity water systems, described, 124 Novel processes, biological nitrogen removal, 163 Occupational exposure, PAHs, 10 Oxidation ditch, nitrogen removal, 162 Oxygen-limited autotrophic nitrifi cation-denitrifi cation, 179 PAH exposure, indoor coal smoke, 11 PAH formation, altitude differences, 13 PAH formation, coal quality, 17 PAH formation, combustion conditions, 17 PAH formation, different wood species, 12 PAH formation, pyrolysis/ pyrosynthesis, 14 PAH production mechanism, coal combustion, 13 PAHs, analysis, 1 ff. PAHs, as carcinogens, 7 PAHs, as mutagens, 7 PAHs, atmospheric aerosols, 13 PAHs, China’s Nine Priority Pollutants, 3 PAHs, coal combustion, 1 ff. PAHs, coal combustion atmospheric source, 9 PAHs, coal incomplete combustion, 2 PAHs, diesel fuel, 15 PAHs, dietary intake, 9 PAHs, environmental sources/ distribution, 8 PAHs, EPA’s 16 Priority Pollutants, 3 PAHs, extraction methods, 3 PAHs, food contaminants, 9 PAHs, formation infl uencing factors, 17 PAHs, GC/MS measurement, 6 PAHs, high/low molecular weight extraction, 5 PAHs, HPLC measurement, 6 PAHs, incomplete combustion formation, 8, 12 PAHs, indoor, environmental effects, 10 PAHs, kerosene, 15 PAHs, lipophilicity, 7 PAHs, lung, gut, skin aborption, 7 PAHs, measurement methods, 5 PAHs, occupational exposure, 10 PAHs, placental barrier crossing, 7 PAHs, pyrolytic formation, 8 PAHs, See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, 1 ff. PAHs, skin cancer, 9 PAHs, solvent extraction of coal, 4 PAHs, soot source, 10, 14 PAHs, species listed, 3 PAHs, supercritical fl uid chromatography, 6 PAHs, toxicology, 1 ff. PAHs, toxicology, 7 PAHs, water extraction of coal, 4 Parasites in drinking water, U.S., 117 ff. Pasture fertilizer ingredients, 30 202 Index Pasture soils, contaminated, fertilizer trace elements, 29 ff. Pasture-applied fertilizer nutrients, 30 Pathogens causing waterborne disease (table), 121 Pathogens resistant to conventional water treatment, 128 Pathway/receptor-specifi c endpoints, pharmaceuticals, 99 Pesticide aquatic registration guidelines, pharmaceuticals, 71 Pesticide/pharmaceutical environmental risk guidelines, compared, 71 Pharmaceutical EC50s, aquatic higher plants (table), 81 Pharmaceutical effects, aquatic plants, risk assessment, 99 Pharmaceutical effects, plants, microcosm studies, 98 Pharmaceutical metabolic pathways (diagram), 74 Pharmaceutical releases, various sources listed, 69 Pharmaceutical toxicity, aquatic plants (table), 81 Pharmaceutical toxicity in plants, 80 Pharmaceuticals, algae sensitivity, 95 Pharmaceuticals, animal husbandry releases, 69 Pharmaceuticals, animal manure releases, 69 Pharmaceuticals, aquatic plant exposure effects/risks, 67 ff. Pharmaceuticals, aquatic plants exposure, 68 Pharmaceuticals, comparative sensitivity, various plants, 95 Pharmaceuticals, ecotoxicology, 67 ff. Pharmaceuticals, effects/risks, aquatic plants, 67 ff. Pharmaceuticals, higher plants sensitivity, 95 Pharmaceuticals, no risk guidelines established, 70 Pharmaceuticals, pathway/receptorspecifi c endpoints, 99 Pharmaceuticals, pesticide aquatic registration guidelines, 71 Pharmaceuticals, plant toxicity receptor sites, 71 Pharmaceuticals, toxicity risk to aquatic plants, 101 Pharmaceuticals, veterinary application releases, 69 Pharmaceuticals, wastewater treatment releases, 69 Phosphate fertilizers, cadmium buildup, pasture soils, 36 Phosphate fertilizers, cadmium levels, 35 Phosphate fertilizers, fl uorine buildup, pasture soils, 36 Phosphate fertilizers, fl uorine levels, 35 Phosphorus:cadmium ratios, New Zealand soils, 39 Phosphorus:fl uorine ratios, New Zealand soils, 39 Phosphorus rock, main pasture fertilizer, 30 Phosphorus rock, toxic element contaminants, 30 Plant bleaching, DNA gyrase inhibitors cause, 87 Plant enzymes, metabolizing xenobiotics, 97 Pleuromutilin antibiotic targets, in chloroplasts, 75 Pleuromutilins, chloroplastic translation & anabolic inhibitors, 89 Point-of-use water treatment devices, U.S., 146 Point-of-use water treatment devices, organism regrowth problems, 147 Point-of-use water treatment, health benefi ts, 148 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, See PAHs, 1 ff. Polycylic organic matter, domestic coal stove source, 12 Predenitrifi cation, nitrogen removal, 162 Predicted environmental concentration, antibiotics (table), 103 Priority Pollutants (China), nine PAHslisted, 3 Priority Pollutants (USEPA), 16 PAHs listed, 3 Index 203 Protozoa, agents of waterborne disease (table), 121 Pseudokirchneria subcapitata (green algae), test, 71 Pyrolysis, PAH formation, 14 Pyrosynthesis, PAH formation, 14 Receptor sites, pharmaceutical plant toxicity, 71 Resistant pathogens, conventional water treatment, 128 Risk assessment, pharmaceutical effects, aquatic plants, 99 Rotterdam SHARON system, nitrogen removal (diag.), 168 Sensitive populations, waterborne pathogen disease, 119 Sequencing batch reactor, nitrogen removal, 162 Sewage discharges, Giardis (protozoa) abundance, 127 SHARON, Rotterdam system, nitrogen removal (diag.), 168 Shortcut nitrifi cation & denitrifi cation, nitrogen removal, 165 Simultaneous nitrifi cation & denitrifi cation, nitrogen removal, 163 Skeletonema costatum (marine diatom), test organism, 71 Skin cancer, PAH-related, 9 Sludge age, nitrogen removal, wastewater, 168 Soil properties, effects cadmium/ fl uorine dynamics, 41 Soot, PAHs source, 10, 14 States served by groundwater drinking water (map), 134 Statin cholesterol inhibition, mode of action, 79 Statin lipid regulator target, mevalonic acid pathway, 79 Step feeding, nitrogen removal, 162 Streptomycin-related antibiotics, chloroplast resistance, 76 Sulfonamide antibiotic targets, mitochondrial folate biosynthesis, 77 Sulfonamide antibiotics, mode of action, 77 Supercritical fl uid extraction, PAHs, 3 Surface water illness outbreaks, 126 Surface water, untreated, disease outbreaks, 127 Surface waters, enteric pathogen sources, 127 Technologies comparisons, nitrogen removal, wastewater, 183 Temperature effect, growth rate of ammonia oxidizers (diag.), 167 Tetracycline targets, in chloroplasts, 75 Tetracyclines, chloroplastic translation & anabolic inhibitors, 88 Toxicology, PAHs, 7 Transient noncommunity water systems, described, 124 Translation & anabolic inhibitors, chloroplasts, antibiotics, 88 Triclosan target, chloroplast fatty acid biosysthesis, 78 Untreated groundwater, disease outbreaks, 127 Untreated surface water, disease outbreaks, 127 Unvented indoor coal burning, hazards, 12 Uranium, phosphorus rock toxic element, 30 Veterinary applications, pharmaceutical releases, 69 Viral infections, contaminated groundwater, 145 Viruses, agents of waterborne disease (table), 121 Wastewater nitrogen removal, 159 ff. Wastewater treatment, pharmaceutical releases, 69 Water distribution system, enteric pathogen source, 128 Water system violations, geographical distribution (map), 133 204 Index Water treatment at point-of-use, 146 Water treatment systems, disease control failures, 128 Waterborne disease bacteria, 123 Waterborne disease control failures, water treatment systems, 128 Waterborne disease estimates, from exposure, 143 Waterborne disease outbreaks, distribution system defi ciencies, 132 Waterborne disease protozoa, 124 Waterborne disease risk calculations (tables), 144 Waterborne disease risk, U.S., 136 Waterborne disease, sensitive populations, 119 Waterborne disease viruses, 122 Waterborne illness risks, U.S. (tables), 144 Waterborne illnesses, drinking water, 117 ff. Waterborne illnesses per year, U.S., 145 Waterborne pathogen disease, sensitive populations, 119 Waterborne pathogens, drinking water, 117 ff. Waterborne pathogens, population impacts, 118 Waterborne viral illnesses, groundwater, U.S., 144 Xenobiotic metabolism, plant enzymes, 97 Xenobiotic metabolism, plant species enzyme differences, 97