Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology. / Vol. 196

A Aquatic animal toxicity, carbaryl (table), 108 Aquatic ecosystem contamination, OCPs (organochlorine pesticides), 18 Aquatic plant residues, pesticides, 22 Aquatic plant residues, xenobiotics (table), 24 Aromatic plants, pesticide residues (table), 33 Arsenic air emission standards, Chile (table), 141 Arsenic air pollution, reduction costs, 139 Arsenic contaminated media, Chile (table), 128 Arsenic exposure in Chile, geographic distribution (table), 129 Arsenic exposure in Chile, pathway (table), 131 Arsenic exposure pathway, Chilean cities (table), 130 Arsenic exposure, Chilean drinking water (table), 131 Arsenic health effects, Chile, 131 Arsenic in air, Chile (table), 126 Arsenic in Chile, human exposure, 129 Arsenic in Chile, polluting smelters (illus.), 124 Arsenic in Chile, reducing airborne emissions, 137 Arsenic in soils and vegetables, Chile, 127 Arsenic in water, Chile (table), 127 Arsenic levels in soil, Chilean cities (illus.), 128 Arsenic levels in vegetables and fruits (illus.), 128 Arsenic pollution in Chile, environmental media levels, 125 Arsenic pollution, Chilean environmental standards, 140 Arsenic reduction, process efficiencies (table), 138 Arsenic removal costs, Chilean water, 135 Arsenic removal from drinking water, cost (illus.), 136 Arsenic water mitigation technologies, Chile, 132 Arsenic, hazardous pollutant in Chile, 123 ff. Arsenic, limits in Chilean water (table), 142 Arsenic-removal facilities, Chile (table), 134 Arsenic-removal, Chilean surface- and ground-water (illus.), 133 Atrazine in vitro studies, estrogen-mediated expression, 152 Atrazine in vitro tests, estrogen expression (table), 153 Atrazine in vivo studies, estrogen-mediated expression (table), 149 Atrazine interaction, estrogen expression systems, 147 ff. Atrazine, characteristics, 147 Atrazine, competition against estrogen receptor (table), 155 Atrazine, effects on rodent hypothalamicpituitary- gonadal (HPG) axis, 148 Atrazine, environmental estrogen, 148 Atrazine, estrogen receptor binding, 154 B Biodegradation, defluorination, 64 Biodegradation, organohalogens, 56 Biodegradation, perfluorinated compounds, 53 ff., 60 Biodegradation, perfluorinated surfactants, 61 Biodegradation, polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs), 60 Bird residues, pesticides, 22 Bird residues, xenobiotics (table), 24 C Carbamate pesticide residues, environment (table), 23 Carbaryl metabolism, cytochrome P450 dependence (illus.), 106 Carbaryl metabolism, higher organisms, 106 Carbaryl toxicity, animals, 108 Carbaryl toxicity, humans, 112 Carbaryl, abiotic degradation, 101 Carbaryl, acute animal toxicity (table), 109 Carbaryl, aquatic animal toxicity (table), 108 Carbaryl, biotic degradation, 104 Carbaryl, chemistry, 96 Carbaryl, chemodynamics in air, 97 Carbaryl, chemodynamics in soil, 98 Carbaryl, chemodynamics in water, 98 Carbaryl, chronic animal toxicity, 110 Carbaryl, degradation pathways (illus.), 102 Carbaryl, environmental fate and toxicity, 95 ff. Carbaryl, mammalian toxicokinetics and metabolism, 113 Carbaryl, microbial degradation pathway (illus.), 105 Carbaryl, photolytic pathway (illus.), 103 Carbaryl, physiochemical properties (table), 97 Carbaryl, reproductive toxicity, 111 Carbaryl, soil adsorption (table), 100, 101 Carbaryl, subacute animal toxicity, 109 Carbaryl, toxicity to insects and aquatic organisms, 107 Carbaryl, water residues (table), 99 Cereal grain contamination, pesticides (table), 27 Chemical food contamination, Egypt, 24 Chemodynamics in air, carbaryl, 97 Chemodynamics in soil, carbaryl, 98 Chemodynamics in water, carbaryl, 98 Children urine residues, OCP residues (table), 35 Chile, annual cost to remove arsenic (illus.), 136 Chile, arsenic pollution, 123 ff. Chile, human exposure to arsenic, 129 Chilean air pollution, arsenic reduction costs, 139 Chilean air standards, arsenic (table), 141 Chilean airborne emission reduction, arsenic, 137 Chilean arsenic exposure, pathway contribution (table), 131 Chilean arsenic pollution, environmental media levels, 125 Chilean arsenic pollution, setting environmental standards, 140 Chilean arsenic pollution, smelter locations (illus.), 124 Chilean arsenic-removal process, schematic (illus.), 133 Chilean cities, arsenic exposure (table), 130 Chilean cities, arsenic in soil (illus.), 128 Chilean cities, atmospheric arsenic (table), 126 Chilean health effects, arsenic exposure, 131 Chilean population, arsenic exposure (table), 129 Chilean regulation of water, arsenic (table), 142 Chilean rivers, arsenic levels (table), 127 Chilean vegetables and fruits, arsenic levels (illus.), 128 Chilean water pollution, arsenic mitigation technologies, 132 Chilean water treatment facilities, arsenic removal (table), 134 Chilean water, arsenic removal costs, 135 Chilean water, characteristics (table), 133 Chlorinated pesticides, in dairy products (table), 26 Citrus residues, pesticides (table), 28 Cotton insecticide use, Egypt (table), 3 Cotton leafworm resistance, insecticides (table), 11 Cotton pesticide consumption, Egypt (table), 4 Cotton pests, Egypt, 3 Cytochrome P450 dependence, carbaryl metabolism (illus.), 106 D Dairy product contamination, pesticides (table), 26 DDE blood residues, Egyptian women (table), 34 DDT milk contamination, Egypt, 25 Decrees, Egyptian pesticide control, 5 Defluorination, biodegradation, 64 Degradation in activated sludge, PFCs (perfluorinated compounds), 63 Degradation in sediment, PFCs, 63 Degradation of carbaryl, abiotic, 101 Degradation of carbaryl, biotic, 104 Degradation pathway, 2(N-ethyl perfluoroocta nesulfonarnido)ethanol (N-EtFOSE), activated sludge (illus.), 63 Degradation pathway, 8-2 fluorotelomer alcohol (illus.), 62 Degradation pathways, carbaryl (illus.), 102 Dehalogenation, energy implications, 58 Dehalogenation, Gibbs free energy (table), 59 Dehalogenation, organohalogens, 58 Dietary exposure to pesticides, health risks (table), 40 Dihaloelimination, Gibbs free energy changes (table), 67 Drinking water exposure in Chile, arsenic (table), 131 Drinking water in Chile, arsenic remediation options (table), 135 Drinking water residues, pesticides (table), 15 E Effects in plants, lead, 76 Egypt, agricultural pests, 3 Egypt, environmental pesticide impact, 1 ff. Egypt, farm animal poisoning, 10 Egypt, hazardous pesticides, 4, 5 Egypt, insecticide consumption (table), 4 Egypt, insecticide use, 3 Egypt, methyl parathion spill, 11 Egypt, non-drug poisoning (illus.), 10 Egypt, organochlorine (OC) residues (table), 12, 14 Egypt, PAH pollution, 6 Egypt, pesticide distribution by class, 4 Egypt, pesticide handling behavior (table), 43, 45 Egypt, pesticide handling risks, 40 Egypt, pesticide poisoning, (table), 7 Egypt, pesticide toxicity in humans, 6 Egypt, poisoning statistics, 8 Egypt, pollution, 2 Egypt’s aquatic ecosystem, OCP accumulation (table), 20 Egypt’s aquatic ecosystem, OCP residues (table), 20 Egyptian aquatic ecosystems, PCBs (table), 21, 22 Egyptian Decrees, pesticides, 5 Egyptian dietary risk, pesticides, 38 Egyptian fish contamination, organochlorines (table), 17 Egyptian food contamination, non-pesticides, 22 Egyptian food, pesticide contamination, 25 Egyptian homes, pesticide exposure (table), 7 Egyptian pesticides, environmental impact, 5 Egyptian potatoes and citrus, pesticide residues (table), 28 Egyptian residues, pesticides in plants and birds, 22 Egyptian soil and vegetables, insecticide residues (table), 31 Environmental contamination, lead, 74 Environmental distribution, PFCs, 56 Environmental estrogen, atrazine, 148 Environmental fate, carbaryl, 95 ff. Environmental impact, Egyptian pesticides, 5 Environmental impact, pesticides, 1 ff. Environmental pollution sources, lead (illus.), 75 Environmental residues, pesticides (table), 23 Environmental standards in Chile, controlling arsenic pollution, 140 Estrogen expression systems, atrazine, 147 ff. Estrogen expression systems, in vitro atrazine tests (table), 153 Estrogen receptor binding, atrazine, 154 Estrogen receptor competition, atrazine (table), 155 Estrogen-mediated expression, in vitro atrazine studies, 152 Estrogen-mediated expression, in vivo atrazine studies (table), 149 Expression systems, atrazine and estrogens, 147 ff. F Farm animal poisoning, Egypt, 10 Farm worker exposure, pesticides,8 Fish consumption, pesticide risks (table), 37 Fish contamination, OC chemicals, 17 Fish residues in Mediterranean Sea, OCPs (table), 19 Fish residues in the Red Sea, OCs (table), 19 Fish residues, OCPs (illus.), 18 Fluorinated ethanes, Gibbs free energy changes (illus.), 67 Fluorinated propanes, thermodynamic properties (table), 65 Foliar deposition in plants, lead, 76 Food arsenic residues, Chile (illus.), 128 Fruit pesticide residues, Egypt (table), 29, 30 Fruit residues, pesticides (table), 39 Fruits, pesticide intake risks (table), 40 Fruits, pesticide residue intake (table), 38 G Gibbs free energy changes, fluorinated ethanes (illus.), 67 Gibbs free energy changes, hydrogenolysis and dihaloelimination (table), 67 Gibbs free energy, dehalogenation (table), 59 Gibbs free energy, reductive fluorination (illus.), 66 Groundwater, arsenic-removal process (illus.), 133 H Halogenated compounds, microbial cometabolism, 60 Hazardous pesticides, Egypt, 4 Hazardous pollutant, arsenic in Chile, 123 ff. Health effects, arsenic in Chile, 131 Health risks, dietary pesticides (table), 40 Higher plants, lead stress effects, 73 ff. HPG (hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal) axis, atrazine effects, 148 Human blood residues, DDE and PCBs (table), 34 Human fluids, pesticide residues, 33 Human poisoning, Egypt (illus.), 9 Human poisoning, OP insecticides, 10 Human poisoning, pesticides (table), 7 Human poisonings, Egypt (table), 9 Human risk, OC insecticide fish residues (table), 37 Human toxicity, carbaryl, 112 Human toxicity, pesticides, 6 Hydrogenolysis, Gibbs free energy changes (table), 67 I In vitro estrogen expression, atrazine tests (table), 153 In vitro expressions systems, atrazine studies, 152 In vivo expressions systems, atrazine studies, 149 Infants, OCP residues in breast milk (table), 36 Infants, pesticides in breast milk, 35 Insect resistance, Egypt, 11 Insecticide residues, vegetables and soil (table), 31 Insecticide resistance, cotton leafworm (table), 11 Insecticide toxicity in humans, Egypt, 6 Insecticide use, Egyptian cotton (table), 3 Insecticides, Egypt, 3 L Lead absorption and transport, plants, 78 Lead accumulation, environment, 74 Lead accumulation, plants, 78 Lead behavior and effects, plants, 76 Lead contamination, environment, 74 Lead effect on nitrogen assimilation, plants, 85 Lead effects, physiobiochemical plant activities, 73 ff. Lead effects, plant enzymes (table), 83 Lead effects, plant metabolic processes (table), 85 Lead effects, plant photosynthesis, 80 Lead effects, plant pigment control, 86 Lead effects, plant processes (illus.), 82 Lead localization, plants, 77 Lead pollution, sources (illus.), 75 Lead stress effects, higher plants, 73 ff. Lead toxicity, organisms, 74 Lead toxicity, plants (illus.), 79 Lead uptake, plants, 76 Lead, effects on plant growth, 80 Lead, effects on seeds and seedlings, 80 Lead, plant respiration effects, 84 Lead, plant toxicity, 77 Leptophos poisoning, farm animals, 10 M Meat contamination, pesticides (table), 27 Medicinal plants, pesticide residues (table), 32, 33 Metabolic process effects, lead (table), 85 Metabolism in higher organisms, carbaryl, 106 Metabolism of carbaryl, mammals, 113 Methyl parathion spill, Port-Said, 11 Microbial cometabolism, halogenated compounds, 60 Microbial defluorination, biodegradation, 64 Microbial degradation pathway, carbaryl (illus.), 105 N Nile river contamination, fish residues (illus.), 18 Nile River pollution, pesticide residues (illus., table), 13, 14 Nitrogen assimilation of plants, lead effects, 85 O OC (organochlorine) water residues, Egypt (table), 12 OC chemicals, fish contamination, 17 OC insecticide residues, vegetables and soil (table), 31 OC insecticide risks, fish consumption (table), 37 OC residues in fish, Red Sea (table), 19 OC residues, organically farmed soils (table), 31 Occupational pesticide exposure, Egypt, 6, 7 OCP (organochlorine pesticides), sediment contamination, 15 OCP fish residues, Mediterranean Sea (table), 19 OCP residue accumulation, Egypt’s aquatic ecosystems (table), 2 OCP residues in infants, breast milk (table), 36 OCP residues, aquatic ecosystems, 18 OCP residues, Egypt’s aquatic ecosystems (table), 20 OCP residues, Gisa school children (table), 35 OCP residues, Nile River fish (illus.), 18 OCs, ecosystem distribution, 20 OP (organophosphate) insecticide poisoning, farm animals, 10 OP insecticide residues, environment (table), 23 Organochlorine contamination, fish (table), 17 Organochlorine pesticides, Nile River residues (illus., table), 13, 14 Organochlorine residues, sediments (table, illus.), 16 Organochlorine water residues, Egypt (table), 12 Organohalogens, biodegradation, 56 Organohalogens, dehalogenation, 58 Organophosphate (OP) insecticide poisoning, farm animals, 10 P PAHs (polyaromatic hydrocarbons), pollution, 6 PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls) blood residues, Egyptian women (table), 34 PCBs, Egyptian aquatic ecosystem (table), 21, 22 PCBs, sediment contamination, 15 Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), environmental distribution, 56 Perfluorinated surfactants, biodegradation, 61 Pesticide active ingredients, Egypt (table), 4 Pesticide consumption, Egypt (table), 4 Pesticide contamination, dairy and food products (table), 26 Pesticide contamination, Egyptian meats and liver (table), 27 Pesticide contamination, sediments, 15 Pesticide distribution by class, Egypt, 4 Pesticide exposure, Egyptian homes (table), 7 Pesticide exposure, farm workers, 8 Pesticide food contamination, Egypt, 25 Pesticide handling behavior, Egypt (table), 43, 45 Pesticide handling risks, Egypt, 40 Pesticide intake, fruits and vegetables, 37 Pesticide market, Egypt, 2 Pesticide occupational exposure, effects, 7, 8 Pesticide poisoning, Egypt (table), 7 Pesticide residues, aromatic plants (table), 33 Pesticide residues, cereal grains (table), 27 Pesticide residues, human fluids, 33 Pesticide residues, medicinal and aromatic plants, 31 Pesticide residues, medicinal and aromatic plants, 31 Pesticide residues, medicinal plants (table), 32, 33 Pesticide residues, vegetables and fruits (table), 39 Pesticide residues, water, 13 Pesticide risk, Egyptian diet, 38 Pesticide risks, fish consumption (table), 37 Pesticide toxicity in humans, Egypt, 6 Pesticide uptake, breast-fed infants, 35 Pesticide use, Egypt, 3 Pesticides and pollution, Egypt, 2 Pesticides in potatoes and citrus, Egypt (table), 28 Pesticides in vegetables and fruit, Egypt (table), 29, 30 Pesticides, aquatic plants and bird residues, 22 Pesticides, Cairo drinking water (table), 15 Pesticides, environmental impact, 1 ff. PFCs (perfluorinated compounds), environmental distribution, 56 PFCs, biodegradation, 53 ff., 60 PFCs, examples (table), 54 PFCs, production process (illus.), 55 PFCs, properties, 54 Phosvel poisoning, farm animals, 10 Photolytic degradation pathway, carbaryl (illus.), 103 Photosynthesis, lead effects, 80 Physiochemical properties, carbaryl (table), 97 Pigment control in plants, lead effects, 86 Plant enzyme activity, lead effects (table), 83 Plant growth, lead effects, 80 Plant metabolic processes, lead effects (table), 85 Plant photosynthesis, lead effects, 80 Plant process effects, lead (illus.), 82 Plant respiration, lead effects, 84 Plants, lead absorption and transport, 78 Plants, lead accumulation, 78 Plants, lead deposition, 76 Plants, lead distribution, 77 Plants, lead effects on nitrogen assimilation, 85 Plants, lead exposure effects, 76 Plants, lead toxicity (illus.), 79 Plants, lead uptake, 76 Poisoning in Egypt, humans (table), 9 Poisoning in Egypt, non-drug (illus.), 10 Poisoning incidence, Egypt (illus.), 9 Poisoning statistics, Egypt, 8 Poisoning, pesticides in Egypt (table), 7