Ventilation of buildings

Preface to the second edition ix Preface to the first edition xi 1 Human comfort and ventilation 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Heat balance equations 1 1.3 Environmental indices 9 1.4 Thermal comfort models 13 1.5 Thermal discomfort 22 1.6 Indoor air quality 37 References 45 2 Ventilation requirements 48 2.1 Introduction 48 2.2 Indoor contaminants 49 2.3 Ventilation rates 65 2.4 Air change effectiveness and age of air 78 2.5 Types of ventilation systems 82 2.6 Energy requirement for ventilation 89 References 93 3 Air infiltration calculation and measurement 97 3.1 Introduction 97 3.2 Air leakage characteristics of buildings 98 3.3 Air infiltration calculation and modelling 106 3.4 Measurement of air infiltration 121 References 135 4 Principles of air jets and plumes 137 4.1 Introduction 137 4.2 Free air jet 137 4.3 Wall jet 150 vi Contents 4.4 Effect of buoyancy 156 4.5 Jet interference 163 4.6 Plumes 173 References 183 5 Air diffusion devices 186 5.1 Introduction 186 5.2 Air diffusion glossary 186 5.3 Performance of air terminal devices 188 5.4 Types of air terminal devices 196 5.5 Selection of air terminal devices 213 References 220 6 Design of room air distribution systems 221 6.1 Introduction 221 6.2 Model investigations 221 6.3 Case studies 263 6.4 Design procedures 275 References 301 7 Natural, hybrid and low energy ventilation 304 7.1 Introduction 304 7.2 Wind characteristics 305 7.3 Wind-induced ventilation 308 7.4 Buoyancy-induced ventilation 313 7.5 Combined wind and buoyancy ventilation 317 7.6 Characteristics of natural ventilation openings 318 7.7 Natural ventilation strategies 324 7.8 Combined natural and mechanical (hybrid) ventilation 338 7.9 Ventilation for fire control 341 References 345 8 Computational fluid dynamics in room air flow analysis 348 8.1 Introduction 348 8.2 Transport equations 348 8.3 Turbulence models 353 8.4 Solution of transport equations 364 8.5 CFD applications to room air movement 386 References 444 9 Measurement of indoor climate 450 9.1 Introduction 450 9.2 Measurement of air temperature 450 9.3 Measurement of radiant temperature 457 Contents vii 9.4 Measurement of humidity 463 9.5 Measurement of pressure 466 9.6 Measurement of air velocity 469 9.7 Measurement of volume flow rate 482 9.8 Measurement of thermal comfort 492 9.9 Measurement of air pollutants 494 9.10 Tracer gas measurements 498 9.11 Air flow visualization 500 References 507 Appendix A – Air infiltration calculation software 509 A.1 Air infiltration development algorithm (AIDA) 509 A.2 Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) model 512 A.3 AIOLOS model 512 A.4 COMIS model 512 A.5 CONTAMW model 513 References 513 Appendix B – CFD codes 514 Index 517