Water and wastewater systems analysis

Geochemical source of p o l l u t i o n Effect of evaporation on concentrations Effects of poor q u a l i t y water Scaling Prediction of scaling and corrosion Prevention of scaling Calcium carbonate scaling Sulphate scaling Additives for the prevention of scaling Fouling Control of f o u l i n g O i l emulsion breakdown Corrosion Types of corrosion Corrosion prevent ion Potable water standards Agriculture and i r r i g a t i o n CHAPTER 2. MATHEMAT I CAL MODELLING OF WATER QUAL I TY Mass Balances Mixed and p l u g flow systems Systems analysis Terminal concentration in a water c i r c u i t Application to a mine water c i r c u i t Computer simulation model Mathematical basis of model CHAPTER 3. NON CONSERVATIVE PARAMETERS Introduction Basic mass balance equation Oxygen balance in r i v e r s Coupled equations f o r DO and BOD A n a l y t i c a l solution Calibration of a moving BOD model Oxygen balance Fie1 d measurements CHAPTER 4. NUMERICAL METHODS Simulation of Hydraulic Systems Two-step method Demonstration of numerical inaccuracy I m p l i c i t f i n i t e difference schemes Comments on f i n i t e difference methods d i f f e r e n t i a l equations The Euler method The modified Euler method Runge-Kutta methods Multistep methods Boundaries f o r numerical methods Numerical methods f o r the solution of s i n g l e F i n i t e elements 1 2 2 3 3 3 5 6 6 8 9 10 10 13 14 15 17 20 21 24 24 26 31 31 35 35 37 37 39 40 40 45 51 52 52 55 56 57 57 59 60 61 62 62 v i i CHAPTER 5. MASS BALANCE OF STORMWATER POLLUTANTS Introduction Catchmen t description Quality Observations Fa1 lout measurement Relationship between total pollutant load and runoff volume Chemical constituents on Hillbrow catchment on Montgomery Park catchment Mass balance for event of 18 January 1985 Mass balance for event of 7 March 1983 Conclusions CHAPTER 6. OPTIMUM ALLOCATION OF WATER RESOURCES SUBJECT TO QUAL I TY CONSTRA I NTS I n t roduc t ion The system Solution method Discussion Linear Programming Solution The I inear programming technique with separable programming applied Sensitivity study for various acceptable TDS values CHAPTER 7. ECONOM I CS OF DESALINATION OF WASTEWATERS I n t roduc t ion Alternatives for optimal reuse of waste water Selection of optimum desalination methods Relevant deslination methods Industrial wastewater treatment Reverse osmosis Membrane description E I ect rod i a I ysi s Ion exchange Capital costs Indirect capital costs Running costs Labour costs Membrane replacement Cost analysis Conc I us ions CHAPTER 8. COMPUTER ANALYSIS JUST I F I ES DESAL I NAT ION I n t roduct ion Application of optimization of water supply Systems Analysis General optimization problem Program application Optimization of mine water system Result of analysis Appendix 8.1 MlNSlM Program for simulating flow and TDS in closed systems. Tape o r disc management MlNSlM l i s t of symbols 64 64 66 66 67 67 72 73 77 79 80 82 85 85 91 95 99 99 101 103 1 04 104 105 105 105 107 107 108 108 108 108 1 1 1 115 116 118 121 122 123 123 128 128 128 128 129 v i i i Appendix 8.2 MINOP p r o g r a m f o r o p t i m i z i n g d i s t r i b u t i o n MINOP l i s t o f symbols 136 136 136 CHAPTER 9. INTEGER PROGRAMMING PLANNING OF TREATED WASTEWATER CONVEYANCE FOR ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF AN AQUIFER I n t r o d u c t i o n Cost a n a l y s i s Mathematical formu t a t i o n Results Summary a n d conclusions 141 146 149 151 153 CHAPTER 10. OPTIMAL PLANNING OF REGIONAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT I n t r o d u c t i o n The mathematical model O p t i m i z a t i o n method CHAPTER 1 1 . SIMULATION OF SEWER FLOW I n t r o d u c t i o n H y d r a u l i c a n a l y s i s F low measurements H i g h e r income r e s i d e n t i a l Low income r e s i d e n t ia I Apartment b u i l d i n g s Commercial a r e a s I n d u s t r i a l Conclusions Appendix Program SEWSIM Effect o f l o c a l p e a k s Routing e f f e c t Non-Circul a r Conduits I nf low components D a t a Program o u t p u t Sample d a t a f i l e CHAPTER 12. SEWERAGE SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT L e a r n i n g S i m u l a t i o n Program O p t i m i z a t i o n Optimal Control a s a L i n e a r Programming Problem Sewer Maintenance Data Processing in Johannesburg A p p l i c a t i o n to Johannesburg's System Processing of Sewer Maintenance Data CHAPTER 13. WATER QUAL I TY MON I TORlNG NETWORKS Necessity f o r Networks M o n i t o r i n g System Framework Factors in Network Design Selection of Water Q u a l i t y V a r i a b l e s t o Measure Sampling S t a t i o n Location Sampling Frequency