Handbook of International electrical safety practices

Contents Acknowledgement xxv List of contributors xxvii Glossary of abbreviations xxix Preface xxxiii Chapter 1 How to Evaluate Safety Programs 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Creating a Culture of Safety 2 1.3 Good Housekeeping 10 1.3.1 General Information 10 1.3.1.1 Establishing a Good Housekeeping Program 11 1.3.1.2 Dust and Dirt Removal 13 1.3.1.3 Employee Facilities 14 1.3.1.4 Surfaces 14 1.3.1.5 Light Fixtures 15 1.3.1.6 Aisles and Stairways 15 1.3.1.7 Spill Control 15 1.3.1.8 Tools and Equipment 15 1.3.1.9 Maintenance 16 1.3.1.10 Waste Disposal 16 1.3.1.11 Storage 16 1.4 New Employee Orientation 17 1.5 Worker Rights 18 Chapter 2 Meters and Monitors 23 2.1 Air Quality Testing and Monitoring 23 2.1.1 Introduction 23 2.1.2 Methods of Sampling and Testing 24 2.1.3 Samplers and Monitors 25 i CONTENTS 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.6 2.1.7 2.2 Noise 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.1.3.1 2.1.3.2 2.1.3.3 2.1.3.4 Diffusive : Samplers for Air Monitoring Color Diffusion Tubes Active Samplers Continuous Emissions Monitors 2.1.3.4.1 2.1.3.4.2 2.1.3.4.3 2.1.3.4.4 2.1.3.4.5 2.1.3.4.6 2.1.3.4.7 2.1.3.4.8 2.1.3.4.9 Batteries Photoionization Meters Infrared Analyzers Toxic Gas Meters Ozone Meter Mercury Analyzer-Gold Film Analyzer Direct-Reading Particle Monitors Combustible Gas Meters Oxygen Meters Bioaerosol Monitors Adverse Conditions Annex-Instrument Chart Bibliography Î Testing and Monitoring Introduction Noise Monitors and Meters 2.2.2.1 2.2.2.2 Sound Level Meters Personal Dosimeters Occupational Noise Exposure Standard 2.2.3.1 2.2.3.2 2.2.3.3 Allowable Levels of Exposure Hearing Conservation Program Recordkeeping 2.2.3.3.1 2.2.3.3.2 2.2.3.3.3 2.2.3.3.4 2.2.3.3.5 Bibliography Exposure Measurements Audiometric Tests Record Retention Access to Records Transfer of Records 25 26 27 29 30 31 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 37 38 39 40 40 40 42 42 43 43 43 44 49 49 49 49 49 50 50 CONTENTS vii 2.3 Radiation Monitors and Meters 52 2.3.1 Introduction 52 2.3.2 Light 53 2.3.3 Ionizing Radiation 53 2.3.4 Nonionizing Radiation 53 2.3.5 Survey Meters for Radiation Detection 54 2.3.5.1 Ion Chamber Counter 55 2.3.5.2 Proportional Counter 56 2.3.5.3 Geiger-Müller (GM) Counter 56 2.3.5.4 Comparison of Gas Filled Detectors 57 2.3.6 Pocket Dosimeters 58 2.3.6.1 Direct Read Pocket Dosimeter 58 2.3.6.2 Digital Electronic Dosimeter 59 2.3.7 Audible Alarm Rate Meters and Digital Electronic Dosimeters 60 2.3.8 Film Badges 60 2.3.9 Thermoluminescent Dosimeters 62 2.3.10 Annex - Guide to Meter Selection and Applications 62 2.3.11 Bibliography 66 2.4 Electrical/Electronics Testing Meters 66 2.4.1 Introduction 66 2.4.2 Electronic Test Equipment Types 67 2.4.2.1 Basic Test Equipment 67 2.4.2.2 Probes 68 2.4.2.3 Analyzers 68 2.4.2.4 Signal-generating devices 68 2.4.2.5 Miscellaneous Devices 69 2.4.3 General Information on Safe Use 69 Chapter 3 General Safety Practices 71 3.1 Safe Chemical Handling 71 3.1.1 Introduction 71 3.1.2 Reference Standards 72 3.1.2.1 Explanation of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) 72 3.1.2.1.1 Product Identification 72 3.1.2.1.2 Component Data 72 viii CONTENTS 3.1.2.1.3 Precautions for Safe Handling and Storage 74 3.1.2.1.4 Physical Data 74 3.1.2.1.5 Personal Protective Equipment Requirements 76 3.1.2.1.6 Fire and Explosion Hazard Information 76 3.1.2.1.7 Reactivity Information 79 3.1.2.1.8 First Aid 80 3.1.2.1.9 Toxicology and Health Information 80 3.1.2.1.10 Transportation Information 82 3.1.2.1.11 Spill and Leak Procedures 82 3.1.2.1.12 Waste Disposal 82 3.1Í.1.13 Definition of Terms 82 3.1.2.2 Occupational Safety and Health Administration 111 3.1.2.3 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 113 3.1.2.4 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists 115 3.1.2.5 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 116 3.1.2.6 World Health Organization 117 3.1.3 Safe Chemical Exposure Tables 117 3.2 Job Hazards Analysis Assessment 118 3.2.1 Introduction 118 3.2.2 Responsibility and Tailgate Meetings 118 3.2.3 Hazards Assessment 119 3.2.3.1 Purpose of Hazards Assessment 119 CONTENTS ix 3.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.3.2 3.2.3.3 3.2.3.4 3.2.3.5 3.2.3.6 3.2.3.7 3.2.3.8 3.2.3.9 Instructions and Forms for Job Hazard Analysis Assessment for PPE General Provisions for Performing Safety Inspections Inspection Preparation Hazard Classification Inspection Equipment Inspection Process Closeout Review Abatement Plan Hazard Assessment and PPE Checklists Bibliography Personal Protective Equipment 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6 Introduction General Provisions Requirements of a PPE Program Guidelines for PPE Selection Worker ' Training Eye and Face Protection 3.3.6.1 3.3.6.2 3.3.6.3 3.3.6.4 3.3.6.5 Prescription Lenses Eye Protection for Exposed Workers Types of Protection Welding Operations Laser Operations 3.3.7 Head Protection 3.3.8 3.3.9 3.3.7.1 3.3.7.2 Types of Hard Hats Size and Care Foot and Leg Protection 3.3.8.1 3.3.8.2 Special Purpose Shoes Protective Footwear Care Hand and Arm Protection 3.3.9.1 3.3.9.2 Protective Gloves Types Fabric and Coated Fabric Gloves 121 126 128 128 129 129 130 131 131 140 140 140 141 141 144 144 145 145 145 146 146 147 148 149 149 149 150 150 150 150 150 x CONTENTS 3.4 3.5 3.3.9.3 Chemical- and Liquid-Resistant Gloves 3.3.9.4 Protective Gloves Care 3.3.10 Protective Equipment for the Body 3.3.11 Hearing Protection 3.3.12 Respiratory Protection 3.3.12.1 Definitions 3.3.12.2 Establishing a Respiratory Protection Program 3.3.12.3 Levels of Protection 3.3.12.4 Rules for Breathing Air Quality and Use 3.3.13 Bibliography First Aid and Resuscitation 3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 First Aid Assessments 3.4.3 Elements of a First Aid Training Program 3.4.4 Periodic Program Updates 3.4.5 First Aiders 3.4.6 First Aid Training and Certification 3.4.7 First Aid for Electric Shock 3.4.8 Skills Update 3.4.9 First Aid Supplies 3.4.10 Bibliography Fire Protection, Evacuation, First Responder and Emergency Planning 3.5.1 Flammability Properties 3.5.1.1 General Information 3.5.1.2 Flammability Designation 3.5.2 Ignition Temperature 3.5.3 Flammability Limits 3.5.4 Vapor Density 3.5.5 Specific Gravity 3.5.6 Water Solubility 3.5.7 Responding to Fires 3.5.8 Fire Fighting Agents 3.5.8.1 Water 3.5.8.2 Foam 151 156 156 157 157 158 161 169 173 174 175 175 177 177 181 182 182 183 185 185 186 186 186 186 191 194 196 198 200 200 201 205 205 208 CONTENTS xi 3.6 3.5.9 3.5.10 3.5.11 3.5.8.3 Alcohol-Resistant Foams 3.5.8.4 High Expansion Foams 3.5.8.5 Other Extinguishing Agents 3.5.8.6 Carbon Dioxide Electrical Fire Prevention I Firefighting Guidance 3.5.10.1 Types 3.5.10.2 Firefighting Agents and Extinguishers 3.5.10.3 Vehicles 3.5.10.4 Firefighting Gear Specialized Rescue Procedures 3.5.12 First Responder to Electrical Fire Incidents 3.5.13 Evacuation Planning 3.5.13.1 Designated Roles and Responsibilities 3.5.13.2 Preparation & Planning for Emergencies 3.5.13.3 Evacuation Procedure 3.5.13.4 General 3.5.13.5 Template for Emergency Evacuation Plan 3.5.14 Bibliography Excavations and Trenching 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3 3.6.4 Introduction Recommended Practices Safety Guidelines Excavation and Trenching Safety Program 3.6.4.1 Introductory Notes 3.6.4.2 Safety Coordinator 3.6.4.3 Training and Duties of Program Participants 3.6.4.4 Training and Duties of Workers 3.6.4.5 Training and Duties of the Project Manager 210 210 211 211 211 214 214 214 218 218 221 222 225 225 226 226 227 228 231 231 231 232 234 235 235 236 236 237 237 CONTENTS 3.6.4.6 Contractor Awareness, Duties and Responsibilities 238 3.6.4.7 Specific Excavation Requirements 238 3.6.4.8 Protection of the Public 239 3.6.4.9 Protection of Workers in Excavations 239 3.6.4.10 Personal Protective Equipment 242 3.6.4.11 Walkways and Guardrails 243 3.6.4.12 Protection from Hazards Associated with Water Accumulation 243 3.6.4.13 Stability of Adjacent Structures 244 3.6.4.14 Protection of Employees from Falling Objects and Loose Rocks or Soil 245 3.6.4.15 Inspection by the project manager 245 3.6.4.16 Pre-Êntry Checklist 246 3.6.5 Requirements for Protective Systems 250 3.6.5.1 Protection of Employees in Excavations 250 3.6.5.2 Materials and Equipment 251 3.6.5.3 Installation and Removal of Support 251 3.6.5.4 Additional Requirements for Support Systems for Trench Excavations 252 3.6.5.5 Sloping and Benching Systems 252 3.6.5.6 Shield Systems 252 3.6.6 Definitions 253 3.6.7 Bibliography 256 3.7 Confined Spaces 256 3.7.1 Identifying Confined Spaces 256 3.7.2 Identifying Confined Space Hazards 258 3.7.2.1 Oxygen-Deficient Atmospheres 259 3.7.2.2 Flammable Atmospheres 259 CONTENTS xin 3.7.2.3 3.7.2.4 Toxic Atmospheres Mechanical and Physical Hazards 7.3 Model Confined Space Entry Program 3.7.3.1 3.7.3.2 3.7.3.3 3.7.3.4 3.7.3.5 3.7.3.6 3.7.3.7 3.7.3.8 3.7.3.9 Identifying All Confined Spaces Preventing Unauthorized Entry The Permit System Planning the Entry Conducting Pre-Entry Training Preparing the Confined Space for Entry Utilizing Safety Equipment Atmospheric Testing Procedures Confined Space Cleaning Procedures 3.7.3.10 Rescue Procedures 7.4 Personnel Responsibilities and Training 3.7.4.1 3.7.4.2 3.7.4.3 3.7.4.4 3.7.4.5 Responsibilities of the Director of Environmental Health & Safety Responsibilities and Training Requirements of Supervisors or Their Designated Representatives Responsibilities and Training Requirements of Entry Supervisors Responsibilities and Training Requirements of Authorized Entrants Responsibilities and Training Requirements of Attendants 7.5 Definitions 7.6 Bibliography 260 260 261 261 261 261 262 264 266 267 268 268 268 269 269 270 270 271 272 273 276 xiv CONTENTS Chapter 4 Safe Use of Equipment 4.1 Hand Tools and Workshop Machines 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.5 4.1.6 4.1.7 4.1.8 4.1.9 Introduction What are the Hazards of Hand Tools? What are the Dangers of Power Tools? Guards Operating Controls and Switches Electric Tools Portable Abrasive Wheel Tools Pneumatic Tools Liquid Fuel Tools 4.1.10 Powder-Actuated Tools 4.1.11 Hydraulic Power Tools 4.1.12 General Requirements of Safety 4.1.13 in Workshops Policy Machinery Installation 4.1.14 Machine Controls 4.1.15 Machine Guards 4.1.16 Service Installations 4.1.17 4.1.18 Grinding and Polishing Machines Milling Machines 4.1.19 Metal-Cutting Guillotines 4.1.20 General Considerations 4.1.21 4.1.22 Solvent Degreasing Bibliography 4.2 Ladder Safety 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 Introduction General Requirements 4.2.2.1 Rules for All Ladder Types 4.2.2.2 Rules for Specific Types of Ladder Ladder Hazards /Prevention Tips Ladder Selection Ladder Maintenance 4.2.5.1 Using Extension Ladders 4.2.5.2 Setting Up an Extension Ladder 4.2.5.3 Climbing a Fixed Ladder 277 277 278 279 280 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 288 289 289 290 291 291 292 292 293 293 293 293 294 296 301 302 302 303 304 304 CONTENTS xv 4.2.6 4.2.7 Ladder Inspections Bibliography Forklift Safety 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7 4.3.8 4.3.9 4.3.10 4.3.11 4.3.12 Introduction Pre-Qualifications for Forklift Operators Safe Operating Procedures Changing and Charging Storage Batteries Operations Traveling Loading Fueling Maintenance Training Refresher Training and Evaluation Bibliography Crane Operation Safety 4.4.11 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.4.4 4.4.5 4.4.6 Lifting Principles Operational Considerations Construction Requirements Inspection Guidelines 4.4.4.1 Preinspection 4.4.4.2 Crane Setup 4.4.4.3 Electrical Hazards 4.4.4.4 Load Charts 4.4.4.5 Safe Operating Precautions 4.4.4.6 Inspection Types 4.4.4.7 Starting the Inspection 4.4.4.8 Specific Inspection Items and References Definitions Bibliography Scaffolds and Other Work Platforms 4.5.1 4.5.2 Introduction Scaffold Safety 4.5.2.1 General Safety Guidelines 4.5.2.2 Safe Usage of Non-mobile Welded Frame Scaffolding 305 306 306 306 306 307 308 308 309 310 311 311 312 313 314 314 314 316 317 318 319 319 320 320 320 321 325 326 336 339 339 339 340 340 341 CONTENTS 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.5.3 4.5.2.3 Maximum Weight 4.5.2.4 Other Specs 4.5.2.5 Don'ts for Safe Scaffold Use 4.5.2.6 Scaffold Guardrails 4.5.2.7 Scaffold Safety Checklist 4.5.2.8 Fall Protection 4.5.2.9 Additional Guidelines Bibliography Compressed Gas Cylinder Safety 4.6.1 4.6.2 4.6.3 4.6.4 4.6.5 Introduction Identification Handling & Use Transportation of Cylinders Bibliography Drum Handling Safety 4.7.1 4.7.2 4.7.3 4.7.4 4.7.5 Introduction Types of Drums 4.7.2.1 Determine Drum Type 4.7.2.2 Identifying Drum Contents Drum Inspection, Handling, and Staging Inspection Leaking, Open, and Deteriorated Drums 4.7.4.1 Bung wrench 4.7.4.2 Staging 4.7.4.3 Hazards Associated with Handling Drums Preventing Back Injuries Safe Welding Practices 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.8.3 Identifying Safe Welding Practices Definitions General Provisions 4.8.3.1 Training 4.8.3.2 Types of Welding 4.8.3.3 Welding Hazards 4.8.3.4 Safe Work Practice 4.8.3.5 Electrical Hazards 342 343 343 344 344 351 352 352 352 352 353 354 357 358 358 358 359 360 361 361 363 363 364 364 365 366 366 366 367 367 367 368 368 369 CONTENTS xvii 4.8.4 4.8.5 4.8.3.6 Fire and Explosions 4.8.3.7 Toxic gases and Fumes 4.8.3.8 Hot Work Permits Inspections Ventilation Guidelines for Welding Operations Chapter 5 Electrical Safety 5.1 Electric Shock and Lockout/Tagout 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.1.5 5.1.6 5.1.7 5.1.8 5.1.9 5.1.10 5.1.11 5.1.12 5.1.13 Introduction Fuses GFCIs Electrical Shock Feedback Electrical Energy Universal Precautions Training Programs Protective Equipment and Work Practices Detection of Low Voltage Lockout/Tagout Lockout Devices Specific Procedures for Logout/Tagout Bibliography 5.2 Linemen General Safety Practices 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.2.6 5.2.7 5.2.8 5.2.9 Introduction Scope Shock Hazard Analysis Regulatory Issues Standard Requirements Test Equipment Industry Recognized Good Practices Flash Hazard Analysis Blast Hazard Analysis Selection of Electrical Protective Equipment 5.2.10 Exterior Safety Rules 5.2.10.1 Rope 5.2.10.2 Body Belts and Safety Straps 369 370 370 370 371 373 373 373 374 374 375 377 378 378 378 379 380 382 382 385 386 386 386 387 388 388 388 389 390 391 392 392 392 xviii CONTENTS 5.2.10.3 Rubber Protective Equipment 393 5.2.10.4 Gaffs 395 5.2.10.5 Climbers 395 5.2.10.6 Hot-Line Tools 396 5.2.10.7 Vehicles 397 5.2.11 Exterior Working Practices 397 5.2.11.1 Excavation 397 5.2.11.2 Manholes 398 5.2.11.3 Potheads 398 5.2.11.4 Poles 398 5.2.11.5 Climbing 399 5.2.12 Electrical Safety Rules 400 5.2.12.1 Voltage Low 400 5.2.12.1.1 Intermediate 400 5.2.12.1.2 Checking Energized Conductors 400 5.2.12.1.3 Insulation 401 5.2.12.1.4 High Voltage 403 5.2.12.3 Circuits 404 5.2.12.3.1 De-energized 404 5.2.12.3.2 HOT 405 5.2.12.3.3 Protection 405 5.2.12.3.4 Overload 405 5.2.12.3.5 Bypassed 406 5.2.13 Transformers and Circuit Breakers 406 5.2.14 Wire Markers 408 5.2.15 Adequacy and Effectiveness of the Training Program 408 5.2.16 Bibliography 408 5.3 Electrical Safe Work Practices Plan 409 5.3.1 Introduction 409 5.3.2 Training 409 5.3.3 Qualified Person 410 5.3.4 Safe Work Practices 410 5.3.4.1 Lock-out/Tag-out and Safety Related Work Practices 410 5.3.4.2 Portable Equipment 411 5.3.4.3 Personal Protective Equipment 412 CONTENTS xix 5.3.4.4 Conductive Materials and Equipment 5.3.4.5 De-energized Parts 5.3.4.6 Energized Parts 5.3.4.7 Illumination 5.3.4.8 Portable Ladders 5.3.4.9 Reclosing Circuits 5.3.4.10 Vehicular and Mechanical Equipment Near Overhead Power Lines 5.3.4.11 Electrical Equipment/Machinery 5.3.4.12 GFCI Protection 5.3.4.13 Wiring Electrical Equipment 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.3 5.4.4 5.4.5 5.4.6 Introduction Electrical Safety Facts Vehicular and Mechanical Equipment Use of Equipment Test Equipment Bibliography Safe Work Practices Near Power Lines 5.5.1 5.5.2 5.5.3 5.5.4 Introduction Plan Ahead Safe Work Practices 5.5.3.1 General 5.5.3.2 Safe Operations of Cranes 5.5.3.3 Procedures to Follow If Contact Occurs 5.5.3.4 Recommended Practices 5.5.3.5 Tree Spraying 5.5.3.6 Electrical Emergencies 5.5.3.7 Training Workers Bibliography Functional Safety for Electric Power Transmission 5.6.1 5.6.2 Introduction Structure of Electric Power Systems 412 413 413 413 414 414 414 414 415 415 415 415 416 418 419 421 421 422 422 422 423 423 423 426 426 429 429 430 430 431 431 432 xx CONTENTS 5.6.3 5.6.4 5.6.5 Hazards in Electric Power Systems 5.6.3.1 Hazards In Substations 5.6.3.2 Security Assuring Functional Safety Recommended References Chapter 6 Worker Safety Rules 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Critical Incident Stress 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 Responding to Emergency Events Critical Incident Stress Management Critical Incident Stress Debriefing Toxic Industrial Chemicals Electrical Protective Devices 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4 6.3.5 Design Requirements Manufacture and Markings Electrical Requirements Workmanship and Finish In-Service Care and Use Hand Protection Hazard Assessment and Personal Protective Equipment Selection 6.5.1 6.5.2 6.5.3 6.5.4 6.5.5 General Guidance Head Protection Foot Protection Hand Protection Cleaning and Maintenance Sanitation 6.6.1 6.6.2 6.6.3 6.6.4 6.6.5 6.6.6 6.6.7 6.6.8 6.6.9 Definitions Housekeeping Waste Disposal Water Supply 6.6.4.1 Potable Water 6.6.4.2 Non-potable Water Toilet Facilities Construction of Toilet Rooms Washing Facilities Showers Change Rooms 6.6.10 Clothes Drying Facilities 433 434 435 437 437 439 439 440 440 441 446 446 446 447 448 449 453 454 454 459 460 460 461 462 462 462 463 463 463 464 464 465 465 466 466 466 CONTENTS xxi 6.6.11 Consumption of Food and Beverages 6.6.12 Waste Disposal Containers 6.6.13 Sanitary Storage 6.6.14 Food Handling Safety Color Code for Marking Physical Hazards Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs 6.8.1 6.8.2 6.8.3 6.8.4 6.8.5 and Tags General Classification of Signs Sign Design 6.8.3.1 Danger Signs 6.8.3.2 Caution Signs 6.8.3.3 Sign Wordings Biological Hazard Signs Accident Prevention Tags Permits for Confined Spaces 6.9.1 6.9.2 6.9.3 6.9.4 Definitions General Comments and Requirements Oxygen Content, Flammable Gases and Vapors, and Potential Toxic Air Contaminants Permit Space Program 6.9.4.1 General Details 6.9.4.2 Attendant 6.9.4.3 The Permit System 6.9.4.4 Entry Permit 6.9.4.5 Training 6.9.4.6 Duties of Authorized Entrants 6.9.4.7 Duties of Attendants 6.9.4.8 Duties of Entry Supervisors 6.9.4.9 Rescue and Emergency Services 6.9.4.10 Employee Participation 6.9.4.11 Procedures for Atmospheric Testing 6.9.4.11.1 Purpose 6.9.4.11.2 Duration of Testing 466 467 467 467 467 468 468 468 469 469 469 469 470 470 472 472 476 477 480 480 482 483 484 485 486 486 488 488 491 491 491 491 xxii CONTENTS 6.9.4.11.3 Testing Stratified Atmospheres 492 6.9.4.11.4 Order of Testing 492 6.10 Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout) 492 6.10.1 General Information 492 6.10.2 Definitions 493 6.10.3 Elements of Lockout/Tagout 495 6.10.4 Full Employee Protection 495 6.10.5 Energy Control Procedure 496 6.10.6 Protective Materials and Hardware 496 6.10.7 Inspection 497 6.10.8 Training and Communication 498 6.10.9 Energy Isolation 499 6.10.10 Group Lockout or Tagout 501 6.11 Medical Services and First Aid 502 6.12 Fire Protection 503 6.12.1 Fire Brigades 503 6.12.2 Fire Fighting Equipment 506 6.13 Handling Materials 510 6.14 Slings 511 6.15 Bibliography 517 Chapter 7 Recordkeeping, Training and Inspections, Accident Investigation and Reporting 519 7.1 Introduction 519 7.2 Safety Recordkeeping Practices and Protocols 520 7.2.1 Illnesses 520 7.2.2 Injuries 521 7.2.3 Deaths 522 7.2.4 What's Not Recordable 522 7.2.5 How to Analyze Injury and Illness Records 522 7.2.6 Ensuring Accuracy in Recordkeeping 523 7.3 Safety Training and Recordkeeping 524 7.3.1 Type of Training 524 7.3.2 Recordkeeping 529 CONTENTS xxiii 7.4 OHSAS 18001 (Occupation Health and Safety Assessment Series) 529 7.5. Bibliography 532 Chapter 8 Risk and Vulnerability Assessments 553 8.1 Risk Management 533 8.1.1 General 533 8.1.2 Steps to Risk Assessment 534 8.1.2.1 Step 1: Identify the Hazards 535 8.1.2.2 Step 2: Decide Who Might Be Harmed and How 535 8.1.2.3 Step 3: Evaluate the Risks and Decide on Precautions 536 8.1.2.4 Step 4: Record Your Findings and Implement Them 537 8.1.2.5 Step 5: Review Your Risk Assessment and Update If Necessary 538 8.1.2.6 Sensible Risk Management Tips 539 8.1.3 Safety Risk Management Committees 542 8.2 Crisis Management 543 8.3 Vulnerability Assessments 546 8.3.1 Network Architecture 549 Threat Environment 550 Penetration Testing 550 Physical Security 551 Physical Asset Analysis 553 Operations Security 554 Policies and Procedures 554 Impact Analysis 555 Infrastructure Interdependencies 556 8.3.10 Risk Characterization 556 8.3.11 Post-Assessment 557 8.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.4 8.3.5 8.3.6 8.3.7 8.3.8 8.3.9 Appendix A Chemical Exposure Tables Appendix B Forms Index 559 709 715