Depressive disorders, 2nd ed.

List of Review Contributors xiii Preface xv CHAPTER 1 DIAGNOSIS OF DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS 1 Diagnosis of Depressive Disorders: A Review 1 C.N. Stefanis and N.C. Stefanis COMMENTARIES 1.1 Much Diversity, Many Categories, No Entities 52 R.E. Kendell 1.2 Categorical and Dimensional Perspectives of Depression 54 J. Angst 1.3 Models of Classification of Depressive Disorders 57 P. Pichot 1.4 Flaws of Current Diagnosis of Depression 59 H.M. van Praag 1.5 Approaches to Diagnosing Depression, and the Reciprocal Relationship to Depression Research 63 R.J. Boland and M.B. Keller 1.6 The Practical Importance of Temporal Sequencing and Secondary Depression 65 W. Coryell 1.7 Depression: the Complexity of its Interface with Soft Bipolarity 68 H.S. Akiskal 1.8 Contextualizing the Diagnosis of Depression 71 J.E. Mezzich and M.R. Jorge 1.9 Age, Loss and the Diagnostic Boundaries of Depression 73 S. Zisook vi CONTENTS 1.10 Depression Among Elderly and Postpartum Women 75 P.S.F. Yip and D.T.S. Lee 1.11 Self-rating Depression Scales: Some Methodological Issues 77 T. Kitamura 1.12 Underdiagnosis of Depression: Its Impact on the Community 79 A. Okasha 1.13 Limited Options on Diagnosing Depression 82 S.K. Chaturvedi 1.14 Diagnosis of Depressive Disorders: Taxonomical Systems and Clinical Practice 83 A.A. Otero Ojeda 1.15 The Identification of Diagnostic Subtypes of Depressive Disorders 85 N. Kornetov CHAPTER 2 PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS 89 Pharmacological Treatment of Depressive Disorders: A Review 89 P. Bech COMMENTARIES 2.1 Antidepressants: Forty Years of Experience 129 E.S. Paykel 2.2 Targeting Antidepressant Treatment: The Evidence is Weak 131 C. Thompson 2.3 The Selection of the Antidepressant in Clinical Practice 133 S.H. Preskorn 2.4 Gender and Antidepressant Response 135 A.F. Schatzberg and S.G. Kornstein 2.5 Validity of Atypical Depression: Evidence Provided by Pharmacological Dissection 138 F.M. Quitkin 2.6 Increasing Our Understanding of the Working Mechanism of Antidepressants 140 J.A. den Boer CONTENTS vii 2.7 Are the First Generation Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitors Still Needed in the Treatment of Major Depressive Episode? 142 A. Gjerris 2.8 Antidepressants in Broader Context 144 C. H¨oschl 2.9 Antidepressants for Better Quality of Life 146 S. Kasper 2.10 Would Rational Polypharmacy Improve Quality of Life? 148 S.K. Chaturvedi 2.11 Compliance Issues and the Efficacy of Antidepressants 150 K. Demyttenaere 2.12 The Parallel Need for Medicine-based Evidence 152 D.S. Baldwin 2.13 What is a Lot of Antidepressants for so Few Criteria of Choice? 155 F. Rouillon 2.14 Depression and its Treatment: a General Health Problem 157 A. Okasha 2.15 Antidepressant Drugs: The Indian Experience 159 R. Srinivasa Murthy CHAPTER 3 PSYCHOTHERAPIES FOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS 161 Psychotherapies for Depressive Disorders: A Review 161 A.J. Rush and M.E. Thase COMMENTARIES 3.1 Latest Developments in Psychotherapy for Depression 207 M.M. Weissman 3.2 Indications and Planning of Psychotherapies: ‘‘Much Ado about Nothing’’? 209 B.E. Wampold 3.3 The State of Antidepressant Psychotherapy: Growing Strengths, Still Unanswered Questions 212 J.C. Markowitz viii CONTENTS 3.4 Research on Hot-house Psychotherapy 214 T.B. Karasu 3.5 Psychotherapy for Depression: Are Additional Controlled Trials Still Warranted? 216 C. Perris 3.6 Depression: The Evidence forWhatWorks and What Doesn’t 219 J.S. McIntyre 3.7 Psychotherapy of Depression: Research and Practice 221 R. Michels 3.8 Nosology vs. Personality Directed Psychotherapy and the Gap Between Research and Practice 223 C. Mundt 3.9 The Sequential Use of Pharmacotherapy and Psychotherapy in Depressive Disorders 226 G.A. Fava 3.10 Integrating Psychotherapies in Clinical Practice 228 R. Mac´ıas 3.11 Building on the Foundations: Where Next in Therapeutic Outcome Research? 230 J.C. Nemiah CHAPTER 4 DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS 233 Depressive Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Review 233 R. Harrington COMMENTARIES 4.1 Towards an Understanding of Early Onset Depression 267 J.F. Leckman 4.2 Depression In Youth: Trends in Diagnosis 269 S.V. Faraone 4.3 Depressive Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence: State of the Art 271 P.M. Lewinsohn 4.4 ‘‘At least in the form seen in adults.’’ A Commentary on Major Depressive Disorder in Youth 273 G.A. Carlson CONTENTS ix 4.5 The ‘‘Atypicality’’ of Depression in Youth 276 J. Biederman and T. Spencer 4.6 How the Study of Early Onset Depression Challenges Us to Produce a New Paradigm for Understanding Mood Disorders 278 S.P. Kutcher 4.7 Adult and Childhood Depressions May in Fact be Different Illnesses 281 A.A. Rosenfeld 4.8 Taking Stock and Moving on: Current Issues and Challenges Concerning Child and Adolescent Depressive Disorders 283 C.A. King 4.9 Increasing Awareness of Depressive Disorders in Childhood: Implications forWorld Child and Adolescent Mental Health 286 J.A. Corbett 4.10 Some Unsolved Problems in Childhood Depression: A Clinician’s View 289 H. Remschmidt 4.11 Childhood Depression: Some Unresolved Research Questions 292 E. Fombonne 4.12 Research Trends in Depressive Disorders of Youth 295 B. Vitiello 4.13 The Nature of First Episode Major Depression in Childhood and Adolescence 297 I. Goodyer 4.14 Clinical Update of Child and Adolescent Depression 299 S. Tyano 4.15 Treatment Controversies in Childhood Depression 302 C.M. Borchardt 4.16 Psychotherapy for Childhood Depression 304 I. Kolvin, J. Trowell, J. Tsiantis, F. Almqvist and H. Sadowski 4.17 Role of Neurobiological and Genetic Factors in Treatment of Childhood Depression 306 B. Geller 4.18 Depression in the Family 309 R. Todd x CONTENTS CHAPTER 5 DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS IN THE ELDERLY 313 Depressive Disorders in the Elderly: A Review 313 E. Chiu, D. Ames, B. Draper and J. Snowdon COMMENTARIES 5.1 Depression in Older Age: Diagnostic Problems, New Knowledge and Neglected Areas 364 J.R.M. Copeland 5.2 Depression in the Elderly is Underdiagnosed; Etiology is Multifactorial 366 C.G. Gottfries 5.3 Depression in the Elderly: Issues in Diagnosis and Management 369 D.L. Dunner 5.4 Depressive Disorders in the Elderly: A Fresh Perspective 371 M. Nowers 5.5 Depression in the Elderly: Areas Open to Research 373 C. Ballard 5.6 Filling in the Gaps about Depression in the Elderly 376 D. Blazer 5.7 A Clinical Point of View about Depression in the Elderly 377 J. Wertheimer 5.8 Geriatric Depression: A Look to the Future 379 C.F. Reynolds III 5.9 Depression in Late Life: Directions for Intervention Research 382 B.D. Lebowitz 5.10 Treatment of Depression in the ‘‘Old-old’’ 384 S.H. Preskorn 5.11 Suggested Priorities for Research into Depressive Disorders in the Elderly 386 P.W. Burvill 5.12 Comorbidity of Depression in Older People 388 C. Katona 5.13 Myth or Reality of Old Age Depression: The Example of Taiwan Studies 390 M.-Y. Chong 5.14 Depression in the Elderly: Predictors and Prognostic Factors 392 S.-L. Kivel¨a CONTENTS xi 5.15 Risk and Protective Factors in Elderly Depression 394 O.V. Forlenza 5.16 Depression in Elderly Chinese 396 K.E. Heok 5.17 Suicide in Old Age 398 C. Ernst CHAPTER 6 COSTS OF DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS 401 Costs of Depressive Disorders: A Review 401 J.F. Rosenbaum and T.R. Hylan COMMENTARIES 6.1 Economics of Depression and its Treatment: Why AreWe So Interested? 450 P.E. Greenberg 6.2 Economic Evidence and Policy Decisions 452 G.E. Simon 6.3 Cost-effectiveness of Treatment for Depression: Methods and Policies 456 S.W. Woods and C.B. Baker 6.4 Costs of Treating Depression: Policy Should Be Evidence-based 459 J. Donoghue 6.5 Economic Costs and Benefits of Depression Treatment from Naturalistic Studies 461 M. Zhang 6.6 Compliance: Another Factor in Estimating the Cost of Depression 463 R.T. Joffe 6.7 Capturing the Cost of Depressive Disorders in the Natural Laboratory of the Workplace 465 D.J. Conti 6.8 Depression Management: No Longer At All Costs 468 G. Parker 6.9 Limitations to Cost Assessments of Depressive Disorders 470 Y.D. Lapierre 6.10 Understanding the Economic Implications of Depression 472 J.A. Henry 6.11 The Burden of Depression and the Importance of Educational Programmes 474 L. von Knorring xii CONTENTS 6.12 Therapy of Depression Means Less Cost ThanWhat is Otherwise Lost 476 Z. Rihmer 6.13 Economic Aspects of Depression: the Experience of Developing Countries 478 R. Srinivasa Murthy Acknowledgements for the First Edition 481 Index