Environmental laboratory exercises for instrumental analysis and environmental chemistry

PREFACE xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii TO THE INSTRUCTOR xv PART 1 PRELIMINARY EXERCISES 1 How to Keep a Legally Defensible Laboratory Notebook 3 2 Statistical Analysis 7 3 Field Sampling Equipment for Environmental Samples 19 PART 2 EXPERIMENTS FOR AIR SAMPLES 4 Determination of Henry’s Law Constants 33 5 Global Warming: Determining If a Gas Is Infrared Active 49 6 Monitoring the Presence of Hydrocarbons in Air around Gasoline Stations 61 PART 3 EXPERIMENTS FOR WATER SAMPLES 7 Determination of an Ion Balance for a Water Sample 73 8 Measuring the Concentration of Chlorinated Pesticides in Water Samples 83 vii 9 Determination of Chloride, Bromide, and Fluoride in Water Samples 93 10 Analysis of Nickel Solutions by Ultraviolet–Visible Spectrometry 101 PART 4 EXPERIMENTS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE 11 Determination of the Composition of Unleaded Gasoline Using Gas Chromatography 113 12 Precipitation of Metals from Hazardous Waste 123 13 Determination of the Nitroaromatics in Synthetic Wastewater from a Munitions Plant 143 14 Determination of a Surrogate Toxic Metal in a Simulated Hazardous Waste Sample 151 15 Reduction of Substituted Nitrobenzenes by Anaerobic Humic Acid Solutions 167 PART 5 EXPERIMENTS FOR SEDIMENT AND SOIL SAMPLES 16 Soxhlet Extraction and Analysis of a Soil or Sediment Sample Contaminated with n-Pentadecane 179 17 Determination of a Clay–Water Distribution Coefficient for Copper 191 PART 6 WET EXPERIMENTS 18 Determination of Dissolved Oxygen in Water Using the Winkler Method 207 19 Determination of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand of Sewage Influent 217 20 Determination of Inorganic and Organic Solids in Water Samples: Mass Balance Exercise 233 21 Determination of Alkalinity of Natural Waters 245 22 Determination of Hardness in a Water Sample 257 PART 7 FATE AND TRANSPORT CALCULATIONS 23 pC–pH Diagrams: Equilibrium Diagrams for Weak Acid and Base Systems 267 viii CONTENTS 24 Fate and Transport of Pollutants in Rivers and Streams 277 25 Fate and Transport of Pollutants in Lake Systems 285 26 Fate and Transport of Pollutants in Groundwater Systems 293 27 Transport of Pollutants in the Atmosphere 303 28 Biochemical Oxygen Demand and the Dissolved Oxygen Sag Curve in a Stream: Streeter–Phelps Equation 317 APPENDIX A Periodic Table 327 INDEX 329