Bilingualism and the Latin language

 INTRODUCTION  I Introductory remarks; some issues in the study of bilingualism  II Bilingualism  III ´ Elite and sub-´elite bilingualism: anecdotal evidence and its shortcomings  III. Non-´elite bilingualism  IV Romans, Greeks and others as language learners  V Code-switching, interference and borrowing  VI A further note on loan-words  VII Sources of information  VII. Bilingual texts  VII. Transliterated texts  VII.. Latin in Greek script: introduction  VII.. The use of Greek script for Latin as a matter of choice  VII.. Latin written in Greek script by possible illiterates in Latin script  VII.. Some other scripts  VII. Mixed-language texts  viiOrthographic interference and alphabet-switching  VII.. Translations of clich´es, formulae, etc.  VIII The authorship of inscriptions  IX Pidgins and ‘reduced’ languages  X Some concluding remarks  Appendix: attitudes to the Greek accent in Latin   LANGUAGES IN CONTACT WITH LATIN  I Introduction  II Oscan, Umbrian, Venetic, Messapic  II. Testimonia and literary evidence  II. Bilingual texts  II. ‘Mixed-language’ texts, ‘Latinised’ Oscan and ‘Oscanised’ Latin (?)  II.. Conclusions  II. Bilingual areas: some remarks about Pompeii  II. Greek and Italic  II. Conclusions  II.. Latin ‘influences’ Italic  II.. Italic ‘influences’ Latin  III Etruscan  III. ‘Roman’ Etruscan  III. Loan-words and calques  III. Greeks and Etruscans  III. Etruscan and Italic  III. Etruscan and Latin: anecdotal evidence  III. Inscriptions  III. The prophecy of Vegoia  III. Conclusions Introduction: loan-words and interpreters  IV. Gaulish and bilingual texts  IV. Interference fromGaulish  IV. Marcellus of Bordeaux  IV. The spindle whorls fromeastern France  IV. Conclusions  V Punic  V. Introduction  V. The early period  V. Coins  V. Sardinia  V. Africa  V.. Bilingual texts and names  V.. Punic borrowing fromand imitation of Latin  V.. Miscellaneous  V.. Conclusions  V. The ‘Latino-Punic’ inscriptions  V.. Conclusions  V. Bu Njem  V. Later literary evidence  V. Punic (Phoenician)–Greek code-switching or language mixing  V. Conclusions  VI Libyan, Berber  VII Aramaic  VII. Introduction  VII. Palmyrenes abroad  VII. Palmyra  VII. Nabataean Hispanic languages  XI Egyptian  XII Getic and Sarmatian  XIII Thracian  XIV Conclusions  XIV. Regional Latin and language change  XIV. Code-switching  XIV. Language death and Romanisation  XIV. Bilingual inscriptions  XIV. Language learning  XIV. Accommodation   CODE-SWITCHING  I Introduction  II Code-switching and imperfect competence  III Cicero’s letters  III. Introduction  III. Critical terms  III. Code-switching as a formof coding or exclusion  III. Code-switching as distancing or euphemism  III. Code-switching and proverbial or fixed expressions  III. Code-switching and the mot juste  III. Code-switching and medical terminology  III. Special cases: the evocativeness of code-switchingIdentity: code-switching and names  V. Identity: code-switching in names in some other languages  V. Identity: filiations  V. Identity: official titles  VI Code-switching, language choice and power  VI. Bilingual transcripts of hearings  VI. Code-switching and dates  VI. Power: code-switching and passwords and the like  VII A special case: code-switching in the subscriptio of letters  VIII Code-switching and the expression of bureaucratic information: some remarks on ‘diglossia’ and the language of authority  IX Code-switching and the evocation of the exotic  X Unmotivated code-switching?  XI Further institutionalised code-switching  XII Conclusions  XII. Code-switching and the notion of the ‘mixed language’  XII. The significance of funerary inscriptions  XII. Code-switching and markedness  XII. Code-switching and social intention: power and solidarity/