Modern derivatization methods for separation sciences

List of Contributors xi Preface xiii 1. Pre-treatment for Real Sample Analysis and Choice of Suitable Reagent 1 Akihiko Nakagawa, and Yukinori Kawahara 1.1. Derivatization for Drugs 1 1.1.1. Introduction 2 1.1.2. Application of Derivatization of Drugs 2 1.1.2.1. Determination of Pravastatin Sodium in Plasma by HPLC with Laser-induced Fluorescence Detection after Immobilized Antibody Extraction 2 1.1.2.2. Enantiospecific Determination of Ibuprofen in Rat Plasma Using Chiral Fluorescence Derivatization Reagent, (-)-2- [4-(1-aminoethyl)phenyl]6-methoxybenzoxazole 4 1.1.2.4. Specific Fluorogenic Derivatization of Ivermectin Using Non-fluorescent Reagents 6 1.1.2.4. Other Methods 8 1.1.3. Conclusion 10 References Hiroyuki Nakazawa and Koichi Saito 1.2. Derivatization for Agrochemicals 13 1.2.1. Introduction 13 1.2.1.1. Sample Preparation 14 1.2.1.2. Derivatization in Food Analysis 15 1.2.2. Analysis of Nutrients 16 http://emedia.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlreader.dll?bookid=17968&filename=Page_v.h1.2.3. Analysis of Food Additives 27 1.2.3.1. Preservatives 27 1.2.3.2. Antioxidants 27 1.2.3.3. Sweeteners 28 1.2.3.4. Emulsifiers 28 1.2.3.5. Other Food Additives 29 1.2.4. Analysis of Veterinary Medicine 29 1.2.4.1. Sulfonamides 30 1.2.4.2. Antibiotics 30 1.2.4.3. Antiparasitic Agents 32 1.2.5. Analysis of Pesticides 34 1.2.6. Analysis of Natural Toxins 35 1.2.6.1. Mycotoxins 35 1.2.6.2. Marine Toxins 39 1.2.6.3. Plant Toxin 42 1.2.7. Analysis of Food Contaminants 42 1.2.7.1. Amines 42 1.2.7.2. Organotin 43 1.2.7.3. Hydroperoxides 45 1.2.7.4. Isocyanate Monomers 45 References 45Kazuo Iwaki 1.3. Derivatization for Environmental Contaminants 51 1.3.1. Introduction 51 1.3.2. Environmental Samples 51 1.3.2.1. Gas Sample 51 1.3.2.2. Soil and Various Water Samples 53 1.3.3. Application 55 1.3.3.1. Aldehydes and Ketones in Air 55 1.3.3.2. Aliphatic Amines in Air 57 1.3.3.3. Residual Pesticides and Herbicides in Soil and Water 59 References 62 Kiyoshi Zaitsu, Masaaki Kai and Kenji Hamase 2. Reagent for UV-VIS Detection 63 2.1. Introduction 64 2.2. Label of Amines and Amino Acids (-NH2, NH) 65 2.2.1. Nitrobenzenes 65 2.2.1.1. 1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB, 2,4-dinitro-1- fluorobenzene, Sanger Reagent) 65 2.2.1.2. 4-Fluoro-3-nitrotrifluoromethylbenzene (4-fluoro-3- nitrobenzotrifluoride) (FNBT) 66 2.2.1.3. 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene-1-sulfonic Acid (TNBS) 67 2.2.1.4. Na-(2,4-Dinitro-5-fluorophenyl)-L-alanine amide (FDAA, 1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl-5-L-alanine amide, Marfey's Reagent) 67 http://emedia.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlreader.dll?bookid=17968&filename=Page_vi2.2.2. Acetic Anhydride 67 2.2.3. Isocyanates and Isothiocyanates 67 2.2.3.1. Isocyanates 67 2.2.3.2. Phenyl Isothiocyanate (PITC, Edman Reagent) 68 2.2.3.3. Butylisothiocyanate (BITC) 70 2.2.3.4. 4-N,N-Dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-isothiocyanate (DABITC) 70 2.2.4. 1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate (NQS) 70 2.2.5. Acyl Chlorides 71 2.2.5.1. Benzoyl Chloride 71 2.2.5.2. Dansyl Chloride (DNS-C1) 72 2.2.5.3. 4-N,N-Dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-sulfonyl Chloride (DABS-C1, Dabsyl-Cl) 73 2.2.6. 9-Fluorenylmethyl Chloroformate (9- Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl Chloride, FMOC-CL, Fluorescence and UV Detection) 73 2.2.7. Ninhydrin 74 2.2.8. Diethylethoxymethylenemalonate (DEMM) 75 2.2.9. 6-aminoquuinolyl-N-hydroxyuccinimidyl Carbamate (AQC) 76 2.2.10. Disuccinimido Carbonate (DSC) 76 2.2.11. Solid-phase Reagent with UV or VIS Light Absorbing Moiety 76 2.2.11.1. Polymeric 3,5-Dinitrobenzoyl Tagged Derivatization Reagent 77 2.2.11.2. Polymeric 6-Aminoquinoline (6-AQ) Tagged 782.2.11.3. Polymeric Benzotriazole Activated Reagent Containing FMOC Group 78 2.3. Label of Carboxyl (-COOH) 78 2.3.1. Alkyl Halides 78 2.3.2. Aromatic Amines 79 2.3.3. Hydrazines 81 2.3.4. Hydroxylamine 82 2.4. Label of Hydroxyl (-OH) 84 2.4.1. Acyl Halides 84 2.4.2. Acid Anhydrides 86 2.4.3. Isocyanates 87 2.4.4. Other Reagents 88 2.5. Label of Reducing Carbohydrate 89 2.5.1. Reductive Amination 89 2.5.2. l-Phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone 91 2.5.3. Post-column Derivatizing Reagent 92 2.6. Label of Thiol (-SH) 92 2.6.1. 2-Halopyridinium Salt 92 2.6.2. Disulfide Reagent 93 2.6.3. Other Reagents 94 2.7. Labelling of Other Compounds 94 2.7.1. l-(2-Pyridyl)-piperazine (PYP) 942.7.2. Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) 94 2.7.3. 9-Methylamino-methylanthracene (MAMA) 95 References 95 http://