Basic metrology for ISO 9000 certification

Foreword ix Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Requirements of ISO 9000 standards for test and measuring equipment 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Evolution of ISO 9000 standards 1 1.3 Requirements of ISO 9001: 2000 2 Bibliography 5 2 Fundamental concepts of measurement 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Fundamental concepts 8 Bibliography 16 3 Linear and angular measurements 17 3.1 Introduction 17 3.2 Length measurement 17 3.3 Calibration of dimensional standards and measuring instruments 31 3.4 Measurement of angle 40 Bibliography 44 4 Mass measurements 45 4.1 Introduction 45 4.2 Primary standard and SI units 45 4.3 Secondary and working standards 45 4.4 Mass and weight 45 4.5 Mass standards – types and classes 49 4.6 Industrial weighing systems 60 4.7 Accuracy classes of balances 61 4.8 Calibration of balances 62 Bibliography 67 5 Pressure measurements 69 5.1 Introduction 69 5.2 SI and other units 69 5.3 Absolute, gauge and differential pressure modes 70 5.4 Primary standards 70 5.5 Spinning ball gauge standard 73 5.6 Secondary standards 74 5.7 Working standards 74 5.8 Pressure measuring instruments 81 5.9 Calibration of pressure standards and instruments 91 Bibliography 99 6 Measurement of force 101 6.1 Introduction 101 6.2 SI and other units 101 6.3 Primary standard 102 6.4 Secondary standards 102 6.5 Force measuring instruments 107 6.6 Calibration of force standards and test instruments 120 Bibliography 132 7 Measurement of temperature 133 7.1 Introduction 133 7.2 SI units 133 7.3 Thermodynamic scale 133 7.4 Practical temperature scales 134 7.5 International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) 134 7.6 Industrial thermometers 135 7.7 Calibration of thermometers 154 Bibliography 163 8 Electrical measurement standards 164 8.1 Introduction 164 8.2 SI units 164 8.3 Primary standards 166 8.4 Secondary standards 171 8.5 Working standards 180 8.6 Calibration of a multifunction calibrator 183 8.7 Calibration of multimeters and other instruments 184 Bibliography 192 9 Uncertainty of measurements 193 9.1 Introduction 9.3 Recommendations of the ISO guide 194 9.4 Examples of uncertainty calculations 198 Bibliography 203 Appendix 1 204 Appendix 2 206 Appendix 3 207 Index 209