Sewage and industrial effluent treatment 2nd ed

Contents Acknowledgements ix Common Abbreviations Used in the Water Industry x Introduction xiii 1 Preliminary Treatment 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Importance of Preliminary Treatment and Initial Considerations 2 1.3 Detritus Removal 4 1.4 Grit Removal 16 1.5 Oil and Fuel Separation 19 1.6 Conclusions 22 1.7 References 23 1.8 Companies and Other Organisations 24 2 Suspended Solids Removal by Settlement and Flotation 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Initial Considerations 25 2.3 Aspects of Sedimentation Specific to Sewage Treatment 26 2.4 Settlement Theory 28 2.5 Settlement Tank Design Parameters 29 2.6 Settlement Tanks and Practical Operation 33 2.7 Upward Flow Clarifiers 41 2.8 Flotation 43 2.9 Common Problems Associated with Settlement, Clarifiers and DAF 49 2.10 Conclusions 51 2.11 Summary Table of Typical Operating Parameters and Dimensions 52 < previous page page_v next page > < previous page page_vi next page > Page vi 2.12 References 52 2.13 Companies and Other Organisations 53 3 Metal Removal Methods 54 3.1 Introduction 54 3.2 An Overview of Effluent Treatment Options from Metal Finishing Processes 55 3.3 Effluent Toxicity and Discharge Limits 56 3.4 Treatment Methods for Metal-Containing Effluents 60 3.5 Plating Shop Layout and Housekeeping 69 3.6 Metal Ion Biosorption by Microfungi 70 3.7 Conclusions 71 3.8 Company 71 4 Biological Treatment Methods 72 4.1 Introduction 72 4.2 Initial Considerations for New Installations 74 4.3 Some Operating Practicalities of Biological Oxidation 78 4.4 Biological Oxidation Microbiology 80 4.5 Secondary Treatment Plant Types 82 4.6 Conclusions 103 4.7 Summary Table of Typical Operating Parameters and Dimensions 104 4.8 References 107 4.9 Companies and Other Organisations 107 5 Sludge Disposal and Treatment 109 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 Initial Considerations 111 5.3 Sludge Types and Characteristics 111 5.4 An Overview of Treatment Options 112 5.5 Treatment Methods 119 5.6 Digestion 134 5.7 Incineration 140 5.8 Conclusions 147 5.9 References 149 5.10 Companies and Other Organisations 149 6 Cesspools, Septic Tanks and Small Sewage Treatment Plant 151 6.1 Introduction 151 6.2 Choosing a Treatment System 153 6.3 Commissioning New Treatment Systems 161 < previous page page_vi next page > < previous page page_vii next page > Page vii 6.4 Treatment Systems Layout, Operation and Maintenance 162 6.5 Conclusions 178 6.6 Companies and Other Organisations 178 7 Developments in Wastewater Treatment 179 7.1 Introduction 179 7.2 Developments in Biological Treatment 180 7.3 Developments in Physical Treatment 195 7.4 References 205 7.5 Companies and Other Organisations 206 8 Sampling and Analysis 207 8.1 Introduction 207 8.2 Sampling: Initial Considerations 208 8.3 Sampling Methods 209 8.4 Sewage Works Sampling 212 8.5 Sampling Industrial Sites 215 8.6 Sampling Equipment and Practical Techniques 216 8.7 Simple Sampling Statistics 220 8.8 Flow Measurement Methods and Equipment 224 8.9 Effluent Charging Methods 226 8.10 On-Line Sensors for Continuous Monitoring 228 8.11 Analysis: Initial Considerations 230 8.12 Conclusions 238 8.13 Companies and Other Organisations 238 9 Case Histories 240 9.1 Introduction 240 9.2 Case History No. 1 242 9.3 Case History No. 2 246 9.4 Case History No. 3 248 9.5 Case History No. 4 250 9.6 Conclusions 254 Appendix 1: Glossary of Terms 255 Appendix 2: Typical Sewage and Industrial Effluent Plant Layouts 259 Appendix 3: Imperial/Metric (SI) Conversion Factors Common Wastewater Imperial/Metric (SI) Parameters and Conversion Factors 264 Index 267