Textbook of medical physiology

Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology C H A P T E R 1 Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal Environment” 3 Cells as the Living Units of the Body 3 Extracellular Fluid—The “Internal Environment” 3 “Homeostatic” Mechanisms of the Major Functional Systems 4 Homeostasis 4 Extracellular Fluid Transport and Mixing System—The Blood Circulatory System 4 Origin of Nutrients in the Extracellular Fluid 5 Removal of Metabolic End Products 5 Regulation of Body Functions 5 Reproduction 6 Control Systems of the Body 6 Examples of Control Mechanisms 6 Characteristics of Control Systems 7 Summary—Automaticity of the Body 9 C H A P T E R 2 The Cell and Its Functions 11 Organization of the Cell 11 Physical Structure of the Cell 12 Membranous Structures of the Cell 12 Cytoplasm and Its Organelles 14 Nucleus 17 Nuclear Membrane 17 Nucleoli and Formation of Ribosomes 18 Comparison of the Animal Cell with Precellular Forms of Life 18 Functional Systems of the Cell 19 Ingestion by the Cell—Endocytosis 19 Digestion of Pinocytotic and Phagocytic Foreign Substances Inside the Cell— Function of the Lysosomes 20 Synthesis and Formation of Cellular Structures by Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus 20 Extraction of Energy from Nutrients— Function of the Mitochondria 22 Locomotion of Cells 24 Ameboid Movement 24 Cilia and Ciliary Movement 24 C H A P T E R 3 Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction 27 Genes in the Cell Nucleus 27 Genetic Code 29 xiii The DNA Code in the Cell Nucleus Is Transferred to an RNA Code in the Cell Cytoplasm—The Process of Transcription 30 Synthesis of RNA 30 Assembly of the RNA Chain from Activated Nucleotides Using the DNA Strand as a Template—The Process of “Transcription” 31 Messenger RNA—The Codons 31 Transfer RNA—The Anticodons 32 Ribosomal RNA 33 Formation of Proteins on the Ribosomes— The Process of “Translation” 33 Synthesis of Other Substances in the Cell 35 Control of Gene Function and Biochemical Activity in Cells 35 Genetic Regulation 35 Control of Intracellular Function by Enzyme Regulation 36 The DNA-Genetic System Also Controls Cell Reproduction 37 Cell Reproduction Begins with Replication of DNA 37 Chromosomes and Their Replication 38 Cell Mitosis 38 Control of Cell Growth and Cell Reproduction 39 Cell Differentiation 40 Apoptosis—Programmed Cell Death 40 Cancer 40 U N I T I I Membrane Physiology, Nerve, and Muscle C H A P T E R 4 Transport of Substances Through the Cell Membrane 45 The Lipid Barrier of the Cell Membrane, and Cell Membrane Transport Proteins 45 Diffusion 46 Diffusion Through the Cell Membrane 46 Diffusion Through Protein Channels, and “Gating” of These Channels 47 Facilitated Diffusion 49 Factors That Affect Net Rate of Diffusi