Solar radiation and daylight models

CONTENTS FOREWORD Professor Peter Tregenza, University of Sheffield xi PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xiii PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xvii ELECTRONIC FILES AVAILABLE FROM THIS BOOK’S WEB SITE xix LIST OF FILES AVAILABLE FROM THIS BOOK’S WEB SITE xxi LIST OF FIGURES xxiii LIST OF TABLES xxix INTRODUCTION xxxiii 1 FUNDAMENTALS 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Solar day 2 1.2 Equation of time 5 1.3 Apparent solar time 10 1.4 Solar declination 10 1.5 Solar geometry, SOLALT and SOLAZM 12 1.6 Astronomical sunrise and sunset 17 1.7 Actual sunrise and sunset 18 1.8 Twilight 18 1.9 Distance between two locations 20 1.10 Solar radiation and daylight measurement 21 1.11 Statistical evaluation of models 28 1.12 Exercises 32 References 33 2 DAILY IRRADIATION 35 Introduction 35 2.1 Monthly-averaged daily horizontal global irradiation 36 2.2 Monthly-averaged daily horizontal diffuse irradiation 40 2.3 Annual-averaged diffuse irradiation 42 2.4 Daily horizontal global irradiation 45 2.5 Daily horizontal diffuse irradiation 46 2.6 The inequality of the daily- and monthly-averaged regressions 50 2.7 Daily slope irradiation 52 2.8 Exercises 56 References 57 3 HOURLY HORIZONTAL IRRADIATION AND ILLUMINANCE 61 Introduction 61 3.1 Monthly-averaged hourly horizontal global irradiation 61 3.2 Monthly-averaged hourly horizontal diffuse irradiation 64 3.3 Hourly horizontal global irradiation 68 3.4 Hourly horizontal diffuse irradiation 100 3.5 Hourly horizontal illuminance 103 3.6 Daylight factor 118 3.7 Solar climate characterisation 122 3.8 Frequency distribution of illuminance 129 3.9 Exercises 133 References 135 4 HOURLY SLOPE IRRADIATION AND ILLUMINANCE 143 Introduction 143 4.1 Slope beam irradiance and illuminance 144 4.2 Sky clarity indices 144 4.3 Sky-diffuse irradiance models 147 4.4 Slope illuminance models 167 4.5 Radiance and luminance distributions 173 4.6 Luminance transmission through glazing 188 4.7 Quality control of cloud cover, sunshine, solar radiation and 190 daylight data 4.8 Shadow band (shade ring) diffuse irradiance correction factor 205 4.9 Exercises 216 References 216 5 SOLAR SPECTRAL RADIATION C. Gueymard and H. Kambezidis 221 5.1 Instruments and measurements 221 5.2 The earth’s atmosphere 236 5.3 Extraterrestrial spectrum 247 5.4 Spectral modelling 250 5.5 Validation 270 5.6 Applications 278 References 296 6 GROUND ALBEDO 303 Introduction 303 6.1 Estimation of ground-reflected radiation 303 6.2 Models for ground-reflected radiation 307 6.3 Albedo atlas for the UK 308 6.4 Estimation of monthly-averaged albedo 315 References 315 viii CONTENTS 7 PSYCHROMETRICS 317 Introduction 317 7.1 Psychrometric properties 317 7.2 Hourly temperature model 320 References 322 8 SOLAR RADIATION AND DAYLIGHT DATA 323 8.1 International Daylight Measurement Programme 323 8.2 IDMP recorded horizontal and slope data for solar radiation and 323 daylight measurements 8.3 Sky scan data 326 8.4 Web-based sources for accessing solar radiation and weather data 328 8.5 Satellite based and other sources for accessing solar radiation and 330 weather data References 331 PROJECTS 333 APPENDICES 335 INDEX 339