Chemical engineering design : principles, practice and economics of plant and process design

Preface -- How to use this book -- Acknowledgments -- 1: Introduction To Design -- 1-1: Introduction -- 1-2: Nature of design -- 1-3: Anatomy of a chemical manufacturing process -- 1-4: Organization of a chemical engineering project -- 1-5: Project documentation -- 1-6: Codes and standards -- 1-7: Design factors (design margins) -- 1-8: Systems of units -- 1-9: Optimization -- 1-10: References -- 1-11: Nomenclature -- 1-12: Problems -- 2: Fundamentals Of Material Balances -- 2-1: Introduction -- 2-2: Equivalence of mass and energy -- 2-3: Conservation of mass -- 2-4: Units used to express compositions -- 2-5: Stoichiometry -- 2-6: Choice of system boundary -- 2-7: Choice of basis for calculations -- 2-8: Number of independent components -- 2-9: Constraints on flows and compositions -- 2-10: General algebraic method -- 2-11: Tie components -- 2-12: Excess reagent -- 2-13: Conversion, selectivity, and yield -- 2-14: Recycle processes -- 2-15: Purge -- 2-16: Bypass -- 2-17: Unsteady-state calculations -- 2-18: General procedure for material-balance problems -- 2-19: References -- 2-20: Nomenclature -- 2-21: Problems -- 3: Fundamentals Of Energy Balances And Energy Utilization -- 3-1: Introduction -- 3-2: Conservation of energy -- 3-3: Forms of energy (per unit mass of material) -- 3-4: Energy balance -- 3-5: Calculation of specific enthalpy -- 3-6: Mean heat capacities -- 3-7: Effect of pressure on heat capacity -- 3-8: Enthalpy of mixtures -- 3-9: Enthalpy-concentration diagrams -- 3-10: Heats of reaction -- 3-11: Standard heats of formation -- 3-12: Heats of combustion -- 3-13: Compression and expansion of gases -- 3-14: Energy balance calculations -- 3-15: Unsteady state energy balances -- 3-16: Energy recovery -- 3-17: Heat exchanger networks -- 3-18: References -- 3-19: Nomenclature -- 3-20: Problems -- 4: Flowsheeting -- 4-1: Introduction -- 4-2: Flowsheet presentation -- 4-3: Process simulation programs -- 4-4: Specification of components and physical property models -- 4-5: Simulation of unit operations -- 4-6: User models -- 4-7: Flowsheets with recycle -- 4-8: Flowsheet optimatization -- 4-9: Dynamic simulation -- 4-10: References -- 4-11: Nomenclature -- 4-12: Problems -- 5: Piping And Instrumentation -- 5-1: Introduction -- 5-2: P and I diagram -- 5-3: Valve selection -- 5-4: Pumps and compressors -- 5-5: Mechanical design of piping systems -- 5-6: Pipe size selection -- 5-7: Control and instrumentation -- 5-8: Typical control systems -- 5-9: Alarms, safety trips, and interlocks -- 5-10: Computers in process control -- 5-11: References -- 5-12: Nomenclature -- 5-13: Problems -- 6: Costing And Project Evaluation -- 6-1: Introduction -- 6-2: Costs, revenues, and profits -- 6-3: Estimating capital costs -- 6-4: Estimating production costs and revenues -- 6-5: Taxes and depreciation -- 6-6: Project financing -- 6-7: Economic evaluation of projects -- 6-8: Sensitivity analysis -- 6-9: Project portfolio selection -- 6-10: References -- 6-11: Nomenclature -- 6-12: Problems -- 7: Materials Of Construction -- 7-1: Introduction -- 7-2: Material properties -- 7-3: Mechanical properties -- 7-4: Corrosion resistance -- 7-5: Selection for corrosion resistance -- 7-6: Material costs -- 7-7: Contamination -- 7-8: Commonly used materials of construction -- 7-9: Plastics as materials of construction for chemical plants -- 7-10: Ceramic materials (silicate materials) -- 7-11: Carbon -- 7-12: Protective coatings -- 7-13: Design for corrosion resistance -- 7-14: References -- 7-15: Nomenclature -- 7-16: Problems -- 8: Design Information And Data -- 8-1: Introduction -- 8-2: Sources of information on manufacturing processes -- 8-3: General sources of physical properties -- 8-4: Accuracy required of engineering data -- 8-5: Prediction of physical properties -- 8-6: Density -- 8-7: Viscosity -- 8-8: Thermal conductivity -- 8-9: Specific heat capacity -- 8-10: Enthalpy of vaporization (latent heat) -- 8-11: Vapor pressure -- 8-12: Diffusion coefficients (diffusivities) -- 8-13: Surface tension -- 8-14: Critical constants -- 8-15: Enthalpy of reaction and enthalpy of formation -- 8-16: Phase equilibrium data -- 8-17: References -- 8-18: Nomenclature -- 8-19: Problems -- 9: Safety And Loss Prevention -- 9-1: Introduction -- 9-2: Materials hazards -- 9-3: Process hazards -- 9-4: Analysis of product and process safety -- 9-5: Failure-mode effect analysis -- 9-6: Safety indices -- 9-7: Hazard and operability studies -- 9-8: Quantitative hazard analysis -- 9-9: Safety checklists -- 9-10: References -- 9-11: Nomenclature -- 9-12: Problems -- 10: Equipment Selection, Specification, And Design -- 10-1: Introduction -- 10-2: Separation processes -- 10-3: Solid-solid separations -- 10-4: Liquid-solid (solid-liquid) separators -- 10-5: Separation of dissolved solids -- 10-6: Liquid-liquid separation -- 10-7: Separation of dissolved liquids -- 10-8: Gas-solid separations (gas cleaning) -- 10-9: Gas-liquid separators -- 10-10: Crushing and grinding (comminution) equipment -- 10-11: Mixing equipment -- 10-12: Transport and storage of materials -- 10-13: Reactors -- 10-14: References -- 10-15: Nomenclature -- 10-16: Problems -- 11: Separation Columns (Distillation, Absorption, And Extraction) -- 11-1: Introduction -- 11-2: Continuous distillation: process description -- 11-3: Continuous distillation: basic principles -- 11-4: Design variables in distillation -- 11-5: Design methods for binary systems -- 11-6: Multicomponent distillation: general considerations -- 11-7: Multicomponent distillation: shortcut methods for stage and reflux requirements -- 11-8: Multicomponent systems: rigorous solution procedures (computer methods) -- 11-9: Other distillation systems -- 11-10: Plate efficiency -- 11-11: Approximate column sizing -- 11-12: Plate contactors -- 11-13: Plate hydraulic design -- 11-14: Packed columns -- 11-15: Column auxiliaries -- 11-16: Solvent extraction (liquid-liquid extraction) -- 11-17: References -- 11-18: Nomenclature -- 11-19: Problems -- 12: Heat Transfer Equipment -- 12-1: Introduction -- 12-2: Basic design procedure and theory -- 12-3: Overall heat transfer coefficient -- 12-4: Fouling factors (dirt factors) -- 12-5: Shell and tube exchangers: construction details -- 12-6: Mean temperature difference (temperature driving force) -- 12-7: Shell and tube exchangers: general design considerations -- 12-8: Tube-side heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop (single phase) -- 12-9: Shell-side heat transfer and pressure drop (single phase) -- 12-10: Condensers -- 12-11: Reboilers and vaporizers -- 12-12: Plate heat exchangers -- 12-13: Direct-contact heat exchangers -- 12-14: Finned tubes -- 12-15: Double-pipe heat exchangers -- 12-16: Air-cooled exchangers -- 12-17: Fired heaters (furnaces and boilers) -- 12-18: Heat transfer to vessels -- 12-19: References -- 12-20: Nomenclature -- 12-21: Problems -- 13: Mechanical Design Of Process Equipment -- 13-1: Introduction -- 13-2: Pressure vessel codes and standards -- 13-3: Fundamental principles and equations -- 13-4: General design considerations: pressure vessels -- 13-5: Design of thin-walled vessels under internal pressure -- 13-6: Compensation for openings and branches -- 13-7: Design of vessels subject to external pressure -- 13-8: Design of vessels subject to combined loading -- 13-9: Vessel supports -- 13-10: Bolted flanged joints -- 13-11: Heat exchanger tube plates -- 13-12: Welded-joint design -- 13-13: Fatigue assessment of vessels -- 13-14: Pressure tests -- 13-15: High-pressure vessels -- 13-16: Liquid storage tanks -- 13-17: Pressure-relief devices -- 13-18: References -- 13-19: Nomenclature -- 13-18: Problems -- 14: General Site Considerations -- 14-1: Introduction -- 14-2: Plant location and site selection -- 14-3: Site layout -- 14-4: Plant layout -- 14-5: Utilities -- 14-6: Environmental considerations -- 14-7: References -- Appendix -- A: Graphical symbols for piping systems and plant -- B: Corrosion chart -- C: Physical property data bank -- D: Conversion factors for some common S1 units -- E: Design projects 1 -- F: Design projects 2 -- G: Equipment specification (data) sheets -- H: Typical shell and tube heat exchanger tube-sheet layouts -- I: Material safety data sheet.