Statistical applications for health information management 2. ed

Contents vii Chapter 1 Commonly Used Frequency Measures in Health Care 1 Key Terms 1 Learning Objectives 1 Ratios, Proportions, and Rates 4 Population-Based Mortality Measures 6 Frequently Used Measures of Morbidity 18 Relative Measures of Disease Frequency 20 Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis 26 Conclusion 29 Appendix 1–A 31 Chapter 2 Graphic Display of Data 39 Key Terms 39 Learning Objectives 39 Construction of Tables 40 Charts 44 Conclusion 59 Appendix 2–A 61 Chapter 3 Introduction to Measurement 65 Key Terms 65 Learning Objectives 65 What Is Measurement? 66 Validity 68 Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Value of Measure 70 Reliability 72 Timeliness 75 Scales of Measurement 75 Conclusion 78 Appendix 3–A 80 Chapter 4 Measures of Central Tendency and Variability 85 Key Terms 85 Learning Objectives 85 Measures of Central Tendency 86 Measures of Variability 95 Calculating Measures of Central Tendency and Variability Using SPSS 99 Dichotomous Data 100 Grouped Frequency Distributions 100 Conclusion 113 Appendix 4–A 115 Chapter 5 The Normal Distribution and Statistical Inference 125 Key Terms 125 Learning Objectives 125 Characteristics of the Normal Distribution 126 The Standard Normal Distribution (z Distribution) 128 Statistical Inference 133 Central Limit Theorem 134 Standard Error of the Mean 136 Confidence Intervals 138 Sampling Methods 139 Hypothesis Testing and Statistical Significance 140 Level of Significance 142 The p Value 143 Using Computer Software to Solve Problems 149 Conclusion 150 Appendix 5–A 152 Chapter 6 Hypothesis Testing of the Difference Between Two Population Means 159 Key Terms 159 Learning Objectives 159 The Standard Normal Distribution and the z Test for Comparing Population Means 160 The z Test for Comparing Two Population Proportions 164 The t Test 166 Conclusion 180 Appendix 6–A 181 viii CONTENTS Chapter 7 Analysis of Variance 187 Key Terms 187 Learning Objectives 187 Analysis of Variance 188 Anova in the Three-Sample Case 194 Statistical Power 200 Conclusion 202 Appendix 7–A 203 Chapter 8 Correlation and Linear Regression 209 Key Terms 209 Learning Objectives 209 Characteristics of Pearson r 210 Calculation of the Pearson r 213 Introduction to Linear Regression 218 Interpretation of the Standard Error of the Estimate 226 Hypothesis Testing 228 Coefficient of Determination 229 F Test 229 Regression Model for Length of Stay and Total Charges 231 Conclusion 245 Appendix 8–A 246 Chapter 9 Chi-Square 251 Key Terms 251 Learning Objectives 251 Chi-Square (X2) Tests 253 The X2 Test of Independence 254 Examination of Residuals 258 Yates Correction for Continuity 258 Phi Coefficient 258 Contingency Coefficient 260 Cramer’s V 260 Fisher’s Exact Test 261 X2 Goodness of Fit 264 X2 Test for Paired Data—McNemar Test 266 Conclusion 268 Appendix 9–A 270 Chapter 10 Nonparametric Methods 275 Key Terms 275 Learning Objectives 275 The Spearman RHO Rank Order Correlation Coefficient 275 CONTENTS ix Location Tests for Single and Paired Samples 279 Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon Test 287 Kruskal-Wallis Test 291 Conclusion 295 Appendix 10–A 296 Appendix A: Glossary 301 Appendix B: Statistical Tables 313 Appendix C: Frequency Distribution of Discharges by DRG, Critical Care Hospital, 2004: An Index to the Number of Cases by DRG 327 Appendix D: Answers and Solutions 331 Index 383