Grzimek's animal life encyclopedia. Volume 1, Lower metazoans and lesser deuterostomes,2nd ed

Foreword ............................................................................ viii How to use this book ........................................................ xi Advisory board ................................................................... xiii Contributing writers .......................................................... xv Contributing illustrators.................................................... xvii Volume 1: Lower Metazoans and Lesser Deuterostomes What are lower metazoans and lesser deuterostomes?.... 3 Evolution and systematics ................................................. 7 Reproduction, development, and life history ................... 15 Ecology............................................................................... 24 Symbiosis............................................................................ 31 Behavior.............................................................................. 37 Lower metazoans, lesser deuterostomes, and humans..... 44 Conservation ...................................................................... 47 Phylum: PORIFERA Class: CALCAREA..................................................... 57 Class: HEXACTINELLIDA ..................................... 67 Class: DEMOSPONGIAE......................................... 77 Phylum: PLACOZOA....................................................... 87 Phylum: MONOBLASTOZOA....................................... 91 Phylum: RHOMBOZOA.................................................. 93 Phylum: ORTHONECTIDA .......................................... 99 Phylum: CNIDARIA Class: ANTHOZOA................................................... 103 Class: HYDROZOA................................................... 123 Class: CUBOZOA ...................................................... 147 Class: SCYPHOZOA ................................................. 153 Phylum: CTENOPHORA................................................ 169 Phylum: PLATYHELMINTHES Class: ACOELA.......................................................... 179 Class: TURBELLARIA.............................................. 185 Class: TREMATODA................................................ 197 Class: MONOGENEA............................................... 213 Class: CESTODA....................................................... 225 Phylum: NEMERTEA Class: ANOPLA.......................................................... 245 Class: ENOPLA.......................................................... 253 Phylum: ROTIFERA......................................................... 259 Phylum: GASTROTRICHA ............................................ 269 Phylum: KINORHYNCHA ............................................. 275 Phylum: NEMATODA Class: ADENOPHOREA........................................... 283 Class: SECERNENTEA............................................ 293 Phylum: NEMATOMORPHA......................................... 305 Phylum: ACANTHOCEPHALA..................................... 311 Phylum: ENTOPROCTA................................................ 319 Phylum: MICROGNATHOZOA.................................... 327 Phylum: GNATHOSTOMULIDA ................................. 331 Phylum: PRIAPULIDA..................................................... 337 Phylum: LORICIFERA..................................................... 343 Phylum: CYCLIOPHORA ............................................... 351 Phylum: ECHINODERMATA Class: CRINOIDEA................................................... 355 Class: ASTEROIDEA ................................................ 367 Class: CONCENTRICYCLOIDEA......................... 381 Class: OPHIUROIDEA............................................. 387 Class: ECHINOIDEA................................................ 401 Class: HOLOTHUROIDEA..................................... 417 Phylum: CHAETOGNATHA ......................................... 433 Phylum: HEMICHORDATA .......................................... 443 Phylum: CHORDATA Subphylum: UROCHORDATA Class: ASCIDIACEA .................................................. 451 Class: THALIACEA................................................... 467 Class: APPENDICULARIA ...................................... 473 Class: SORBERACEA................................................ 479 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia v , , , , , Contents Subphylum: CEPHALOCHORDATA Class: CEPHALOCHORDATA............................... 485 For further reading ............................................................ 495 Organizations ..................................................................... 498 Contributors to the first edition ....................................... 499 Glossary.............................................................................. 506 Lower metazoans and lesser deuterostomes order list ...................................... 512 Geologic time scale............................................................ 514 Index ................................................................................... 515 vi