Grzimek's Animal life encyclopedia. Volume 4, Fishes, I,2nd. ed.

Foreword ........................................................................... viii How to use this book ....................................................... xi Advisory boards.................................................................. xiv Contributing writers .......................................................... xvi Contributing illustrators....................................................xviii Volume 4: Fishes I What is a fish? ................................................................... 3 Evolution and systematics ................................................. 9 Structure and function....................................................... 14 Life history and reproduction ........................................... 29 Freshwater ecology ............................................................ 36 Marine ecology .................................................................. 42 Distribution and biogeography ......................................... 52 Behavior.............................................................................. 60 Fishes and humans............................................................. 72 Order MYXINIFORMES Hagfishes ............................................................................ 77 Order PETROMYZONIFORMES Lampreys............................................................................ 83 Order CHIMAERIFORMES Chimaeras........................................................................... 91 Order HETERODONTIFORMES Horn or bullhead sharks.................................................... 97 Order ORECTOLOBIFORMES Carpet sharks...................................................................... 105 Order CARCHARHINIFORMES Ground sharks.................................................................... 113 Order LAMNIFORMES Mackerel sharks.................................................................. 131 Order HEXANCHIFORMES Six- and sevengill sharks.................................................... 143 Order SQUALIFORMES Dogfish sharks.................................................................... 151 Order SQUATINIFORMES Angelsharks ........................................................................ 161 Order PRISTIOPHORIFORMES Sawsharks............................................................................ 167 Order RAJIFORMES Skates and rays ................................................................... 173 Order COELACANTHIFORMES Coelacanths ........................................................................ 189 Order CERATODONTIFORMES Australian lungfish ............................................................. 197 Order LEPIDOSIRENIFORMES Lungfishes .......................................................................... 201 Order POLYPTERIFORMES Bichirs................................................................................. 209 Order ACIPENSERIFORMES Sturgeons and paddlefishes ............................................... 213 Order LEPISOSTEIFORMES Gars .................................................................................... 221 Order AMIIFORMES Bowfins ............................................................................... 229 Order OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES Bony tongues and relatives................................................ 231 Order ELOPIFORMES Ladyfish and tarpon........................................................... 243 Order ALBULIFORMES Bonefishes and relatives..................................................... 249 Order ANGUILLIFORMES Eels and morays ................................................................. 255 Order SACCOPHARYNGIFORMES Swallowers and gulpers...................................................... 271 Order CLUPEIFORMES Herrings ............................................................................. 277 Order GONORYNCHIFORMES Milkfish and relatives......................................................... 289 Order CYPRINIFORMES I: Minnows and carps ........................................................ 297 II: Loaches and relatives.................................................... 321 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia v Order CHARACIFORMES Characins............................................................................ 335 Order SILURIFORMES Catfishes ............................................................................. 351 Order GYMNOTIFORMES South American knifefishes and electric eels ................... 369 Order ESOCIFORMES Pikes and mudminnows..................................................... 379 Order OSMERIFORMES Smelts, galaxiids, and relatives .......................................... 389 Order SALMONIFORMES Salmon................................................................................ 405 Order STOMIIFORMES Dragonfishes and relatives................................................. 421 Order AULOPIFORMES Lizardfishes and relatives................................................... 431 Order MYCTOPHIFORMES Lanternfishes...................................................................... 441 Order LAMPRIDIFORMES Opah and relatives ............................................................. 447 For further reading ............................................................ 457 Organizations ..................................................................... 462 Contributors to the first edition ....................................... 464 Glossary.............................................................................. 471 Fishes family list ................................................................ 476 Geologic time scale............................................................ 480 Index ................................................................................... 481 Volume 5: Fishes II Foreword ............................................................................ viii How to use this book ........................................................ xi Advisory boards.................................................................. xiv Contributing writers .......................................................... xvi Contributing illustrators....................................................xviii Order POLYMIXIIFORMES Beardfishes.......................................................................... 1 Order PERCOPSIFORMES Troutperches and relatives ................................................ 5 Order OPHIDIIFORMES Cusk-eels and relatives ...................................................... 15 Order GADIFORMES Grenadiers, hakes, cods, and relatives .............................. 25 Order BATRACHOIDIFORMES Toadfishes .......................................................................... 41 Order LOPHIIFORMES Anglerfishes ........................................................................ 47 Order MUGILIFORMES Mullets................................................................................ 59 Order ATHERINIFORMES Rainbowfishes and silversides............................................ 67 Order BELONIFORMES Needlefishes and relatives ................................................. 79 Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES Killifishes and live-bearers ................................................ 89 Order STEPHANOBERYCIFORMES Whalefishes and relatives .................................................. 105 Order BERYCIFORMES Roughies, flashlightfishes, and squirrelfishes ................... 113 Order ZEIFORMES Dories ................................................................................. 123 Order GASTEROSTEIFORMES Sticklebacks, seahorses, and relatives ................................ 131 Order SYNBRANCHIFORMES Swamp and spiny eels ........................................................ 151 Order SCORPAENIFORMES I: Gurnards and flatheads............................................... 157 II: Scorpionfishes and relatives........................................ 163 III: Greenlings, sculpins, and relatives ............................. 179 Order PERCIFORMES Suborder PERCOIDEI I: Perches and darters, North American basses and sunfishes, pygmy sunfishes, and temperate basses................................................... 195 II: Bluefishes, dolphinfishes, roosterfishes, and remoras ................................................................. 211 III: Grunters, temperate basses and perches, snooks and giant perches, and relatives .............. 219 IV: Goatfishes, butterflyfishes, angelfishes, chubs, and relatives .............................................. 235 V: Groupers, sea basses, trevallys, snappers, emperors, and relatives ............................................... 255 Suborder LABROIDEI I: Cichlids and surfperches...................................... 275 II: Damselfishes, wrasses, parrotfishes, and rock whitings ........................................................ 293 Suborder ZOARCOIDEI Eelpouts and relatives ................................................. 309 Suborder NOTOTHENIODEI Southern cod-icefishes................................................ 321 Suborder TRACHINOIDEI Weeverfishes and relatives ......................................... 331 Suborder BLENNIOIDEI Blennies ....................................................................... 341 Suborder ICOSTEOIDEI Ragfish ......................................................................... 351 Suborder GOBIESOCOIDEI Clingfishes and singleslits........................................... 355 vi Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia Suborder CALLIONYMOIDEI Dragonets and relatives .............................................. 365 Suborder GOBIOIDEI Gobies.......................................................................... 373 Suborder ACANTHUROIDEI Surgeonfishes and relatives......................................... 391 Suborder SCOMBROIDEI Barracudas, tunas, marlins, and relatives ................... 405 Suborder STROMATEOIDEI Butterfishes and relatives ............................................ 421 Suborder ANABANTOIDEI Labyrinth fishes........................................................... 427 Suborder CHANNOIDEI Snakeheads .................................................................. 437 Order PLEURONECTIFORMES Flatfishes............................................................................. 449 Order TETRAODONTIFORMES Pufferfishes, triggerfishes, and relatives............................ 467 For further reading ............................................................ 487 Organizations ..................................................................... 492 Contributors to the first edition ....................................... 494 Glossary.............................................................................. 501 Fishes family list ................................................................ 506 Geologic time scale............................................................ 510 Index ................................................................................... 511 Grzimek’s