Human anatomy

Glottis, 836f, 837 Glucagon, 632, 977 as hyperglycemic hormone, 632, 633f,977 influences on blood glucose, 632, 633f, 977, 9771 influences on metabolism, 978t Glucoamylase, 928f, 929 Glucocorticoids, 629-630 hyper-Ihyposecretion, 627t, 629-630 location/functions, 48t sodium balance and, 1048 structure/regulation/effects, 627t Gluconeogenesis, 632, 635f, 967,971t cortisol and, 629 Glucose absorption, 928f, 931 age-related changes in, 639, 992 as a monosaccharide, 44, 45f blood levels aging and, 639 measuring, 637b in postabsorptive state, 975-979, 977f regulation by insulin/glucagon, 632-634, 633f sources of, 975-976, 975t in cellular respiration, 38, 38f,959f digestion, 927, 928f glucose sparing, 976-977 insulin and, 632-634, 633f in diabetes mellitus, 635f metabolism, 38, 38f, 959-967 glycogenesis, 966-967 glycogenolysis, 967 Oxidation, 959-966 in mitochondrial matrix, 85 reabsorption of, 10 14t sources of, 975-976 transport processes, 72, 72f, 75, 75t, 77, 77f in urine, 1024t Glucose-phosphate, 38, 38f Glucose tolerance, aging and, 639 Glutamate addiction and, 425b after brain injury, 468-469 functional class/secretion sites/effects, 416t pain impulse transmission and,496b role as neurotransmitter, 418 Glutamic acid, 970, 970f Gluteal arteries, 756f, 756t, 757f Gluteal lines, 237, 238f, 243f Gluteal nerves, 516, 517f, 517t muscles served by, 370t Gluteal surface, 237 Gluteal tuberosity, 241, 241f Gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac disease), 933 Gluteus muscles, 332f, 333f, 367, 370t,37lf actions of (summary), 379-380t Glycerol, 46, 47f metabolism and, 957f oxidation of, 968, 968f Glycine, 416t, 418 Glycocalyx, 67f, 69, 83, 85 Glycogen as a polysaccharide, 44, 45f, 46 chemical digestion and, 928f, 929 in decomposition reaction, 37,38f metabolism and, 957f as storage carbohydrate, 46 stores of in skeletal muscle fiber types, 306t Glycogenesis, 966-967, 967f,971t Glycogenolysis, 632, 635f, 967, 967f,971t in liver, 975 in skeletal muscle, 975 Glycogen storage disease, 992 Glycolipids, 67-68, 67f Glycolysis, 302, 303f anaerobic, 302, 303f, 306, 306t in carbohydrate metabolism, 9591,960-961, 960f,97lt Glycolytic fibers, fast, 306-307 activities best suited £OJ; 306t metabolic/structural properties, 306t Glycoproteins, 67f, 68-69 as binding cites (membrane receptors),83-84 as cell adhesive, 69, 83 Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), 128,129f Glycosomes, 284 Glycosuria, 634, 635f, 1024t GnRH. See Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Goblet cells, 120, 122f as a unicellular exocrine gland, 125,125f of GI mucosa, 888 of large intestine, 920t large intestine mucosa, 925f of respiratory mucosa, 832 of small intestine, 910, 910f of stomach mucosa, 900 GoiteJ.; 623-624, 623f Golgi apparatus, 66f, 87-89, 88f endomembrane system interactions, 89-90, 90f structure/functions (summary), 94t Golgi tendon organs, 494, 522,522f functional classes/body location, 493t Golgi tendon reflexes, 525, 525f Gomphoses, 254, 894 Gonadal arteries, 746f, 747f, 752f,754t Gonadal ridges, 1102f, 1103 Gonadal veins, 758f, 764f, 764t, 765f Gonadocorticoids (sex hormones), 630-631, 1066 location/functions, 48t sources/stimuli/effects, 1099t structure/regulation/ effects, 627t Gonadotrophs,616 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 616, 618t, 619t in ovarian cycle, 1094-1096, 1096f in spermatogenesis regulation, 1080-1081, 1081f Gonadotropins, 616, 618t, 619t Gonads (primary sex organs), 605f, 634-635, 1066 aging and, 639 female. See Ovaries male. See Thstes Gonorrhea, 1100 Gouty arthritis (gout), 274, 276 G protein, 84, 84f hormone signaling and, 607-608,607f G protein-linked receptors, 84, 84f, 420-421, 420f smell sense and, 580 vision and, 572 Graafian (vesicular) follicle, 1083f, 1084,1092f Gracilis muscle, 331f, 368f, 369t,371f actions of (summary), 379-380t Graded muscle responses, 297-299,298f-300f Graded potentials, 401-402, 401f,402f dendrites and, 393 stimulus energy processing and, 494-495, 495f Grafts allografts, 820 autografts, 818 bone,194b isografts, 818, 820 ligament, 268, 272 osteochondral,275b rejection, 818, 820 self-antigens and, 800 skin,170 xenografts, 820 Grand mal seizures, 457 Granular (juxtaglomerular) cells, 1003, 1005, 1005f Granular layer of skin (stratum granulosum), 154f, 155 Granulation tissue in fracture repair, 191, 191f in tissue repaitj 143, 144f Granule cells, 452, 452f, 580 Granules (secretory vesicles), 87, 88f,89 Granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF), 660 Granulocytes, 657-659, 657f summary, 658t Granulomas,uuectious, 795 Granulosa cells, 1083f, 1084, 1093, 1093f, 1116f Granzymes, 816, 816f functions (summary), 817t Graves' disease, 618t, 624, 822 Gravitational pull, balance and, 594-595, 595f Gravity body's center of, 225 bone's response to, 190 Gray commissure, 472, 473f Gray mattelj 395 arrangement in CNS, 433, 433f brain stem and, 447 somatic motor zone, 474, 47 4f somatic sensory zone, 474, 47 4f spinal cord, 433, 433f, 472-474, 473f, 510f organization in, 474, 474f visceral motor zone, 474, 47 4f visceral sensory zone, 474, 47 4f white matter fiber tracts and,442f Gray rami communicantes, 536t, 540f,541 Greater curvature (stomach), 899f,900 Index 1-19 Greater omentum, 900, 924f Greater sciatic notch, 237, 238f,243f Greater trochanter of femur, 241,241f Greater tubercle of humerus, 231f, 232,234f Greater wing of sphenoid bone, 209 Greenstick fractures, 192t Gristle. See Hyaline cartilage Groove (bone marking), 179t Gross anatomy, 2 histology and, 118 Ground substance, 127-129, 129f Group A, B, and C nerve fibers, 408 Growth,8 Growth cone (axon), 423-424 Growth cycles of hair follicles, 162 Growth factors agrin and, 316 stored in bone matrix, 179 Growth hormone (GH), 614-616 in epiphyseal plate activity, 187 functions of, 52t, 618t hyper-Ihyposecretion, 615, 616,618t influences on metabolism, 978t metabolic actions of, 615f summary of regulation/ effects, 618t Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH), 614-615, 615f,618t Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), 614-615, 615f,618t Growth phase/metabolic phase of cellli£e cycle, 98 Growth (proliferation) zone of long bones, 186, 186f GTP (guanosine triphosphate), 78, 107, 607, 607f Guanine (G), 55-57, 56f, 57t Guanosine triphosphate (GTP), 78, 107,607 Guanylyl cyclase, 419 Gummas, 11 00 Gums (gingivae), 889f, 894, 894f Gustatory cortex, 437f, 440, 440, 582,583f Gustatory hairs, 581, 581f Gustatory (taste) cells, 581, 581f Gustducin,582 Gut, 883f, 884. See also Gastrointestinal (GI) tract Gut brain, 886 Gut-brain peptides, 418 Gynecology, 1108 Gynecomastia, 1108 Gyri, 434, 435f postcentral, 435f, 436 precentral, 435f, 436 Hageman factor, 663t Hair cells cochlear, 588f, 591, 591f, 592f maculae, 594-595, 594f, 595f Hair follicle receptors (root hair plexus), 153f, 160, 16lf, 164, 492,493t Hair follicles, 153f, 160, 161f, 162 aging and, 171 Hairs (pili), 159 baldness/thinning, 162-163, 171 cololj 160, 171 continues