Handbook of food enzymology

PART I. GENERAL ASPECTS INTRODUCTION Protein Structure and Kinetics of Enzyme Reactions: A Historical Perspective John R. Whitaker History of Enzymology with Emphasis on Food Production Poul Børge Poulsen and Klaus Buchholz What Enzymes Do and Why They Are Highly Specific and Efficient Catalysts John R. Whitaker Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions: Experimental Factors that Affect Rates John R. Whitaker Inactivation of Enzymes: From Experimental Design to Kinetic Modeling Ann Van Loey, Indrawati, Chantal Smout, and Marc Hendrickx REGULATORY ISSUES Regulatory Issues of Enzymes Used in Foods from the Perspective of the E.U. Market Danielle P. Praaning Regulatory Issues of Food Enzymes Used in the United States John R. Whitaker Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. EXTREMOPHILIC ENZYMES Properties of Extremophilic Enzymes and Their Importance in Food Science and Technology Magnu´s M. Kristja´nsson and Bjarni A ´ sgeirsson THE FOOD CHAIN AND ENZYMES Nitrogen Fixation and the Enzyme Nitrogenase William E. Newton Enzymes in Amylose and Amylopectin Biosynthesis Bruce P. Wasserman and Ying Yu Fatty Acid Biosynthesis and Triacylglycerol Assembly Allan Keith Stobart and Gareth Griffiths Phospholipid Biosynthetic Enzymes in Plants Ralph E. Dewey and Anthony J. Kinney Applications of Oxidoreductases in Foods Colja Laane, Yvonne Bruggeman, and Chris Winkel Transgenic Plants for Production of Enzymes Anne S. Ponstein, Rob F. Beudeker, and Jan Pen Enzymes in Protein Biosynthesis John R. Whitaker Nucleic Acid Biosynthesis Dominic W. S. Wong ENZYMES AS TOOLS TO MODIFY FOOD COMPONENTS Protein Modification to Optimize Functionality: Protein Hydrolysates Ton Kunst Production and Modification of Acylglycerides Rob M. M. Diks ENZYMES IN FOODS POSTHARVEST Significance of Indigenous Enzymes in Milk and Dairy Products Patrick F. Fox Exogenous Enzymes in Dairy Technology Patrick F. Fox Flavor Enhancement in Fruit Juices and Derived Beverages by Exogenous Glycosidases and Consequences of the Use of Enzyme Preparations Ziya Gu¨nata Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. IMMOBILIZED ENZYMES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Entrapment of Biocatalysts by Prepolymer Methods Takuo Kawamoto and Atsuo Tanaka Genetic Immobilization of Enzymes on Yeast Cell Surface Mitsuyoshi Ueda, Toshiyuki Murai, and Atsuo Tanaka Use of Immobilized Enzymes in the Food Industry Harold E. Swaisgood ENZYME UTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT Enzymes and Food Analysis Philip O’Connell and George G. Guilbault Recent Advances in Enzyme Development Dominic W. S. Wong PART II. SPECIFIC ENZYMES OXIDOREDUCTASES Catalase Dominic W. S. Wong and John R. Whitaker Horseradish Peroxidase Zhong Yi Yuan and Tai Jiao Jiang Glutathione Peroxidase Jun-qiu Liu and Gui-min Luo Glucose Oxidase A. J. Vroemen Lactate Dehydrogenase Hayao Taguchi Alcohol Dehydrogenase Sabato D’Auria Alcohol Dehydrogenase Sandrine Dallet, Marie Trovaslet, and Marie Dominique Legoy Amine Oxidase Akio Ito and Jichun Ma Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase Robert B. Rucker, Ana Samimi, and Jerold A. Last Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Lysyl Hydroxylase Ana Samimi, Jerold A. Last, Lucas C. Armstrong, and Robert B. Rucker Lysyl Oxidase Robert B. Rucker, Alyson E. Mitchell, Eskouhie Tchaparian, and Jerold A. Last Superoxide Dismutase Hirokazu Hara, Tetsuo Adachi, and Kazuyuki Hirano Polyphenol Oxidase Edna C. Ramı´rez, John R. Whitaker, and Victoria M. Virador Laccase William H. Flurkey Mammalian Sulfhydryl Oxidase Harold E. Swaisgood and Violeta G. Janolino Xanthine Oxidase John R. Whitaker Lipoxygenase and Associated Enzymes Harold W. Gardner Sorbitol Oxidase Kohei Oda and Kazumi Hiraga TRANSFERASES Starch Phosphorylases Ying Yu Amylosucrase Volker Bu¨ttcher Dextransucrase Klaus Buchholz and Pierre F. Monsan Levansucrase Ki-Bang Song and Sang-Ki Rhee Cyclodextrin Glycosyltransferase Lubbert Dijkhuizen and Bart A. van der Veen Limonoid Glucosyltransferase Shin Hasegawa, Masayuki Kita, and Mitsuo Omura Transglutaminase Chang-Rak Ha and Ichiro Iuchi Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. HYDROLASES Feruloyl Esterases Craig B. Faulds and Gary Williamson Lipase Dominic W. S. Wong Chlorophyllase Roger F. McFeeters Phytase Onno Misset
-Amylases Dominic W. S. Wong and George H. Robertson -Amylases Dominic W. S. Wong and George H. Robertson Glucoamylase Peter J. Reilly Limit Dextrinase/Pullulanase E. Ann MacGregor Limit Dextrinase James Hutchison Bryce Methodologies for Assaying the Hydrolysis of Cellulose by Cellulases David Johnston Cellulases in Food Processing Maija Tenkanen, Marja-Leena Niku-Paavola, Markus Linder, and Liisa Viikari -Glucosidase Asim Esen -D-Fructofuranoside Fructohydrolase Laura Cantarella, Francesco Alfani, and Maria Cantarella -Galactosidase Raymond R. Mahoney Pectic Polysaccharides H. A. Schols and Alphons G. J. Voragen Pectic Enzymes Jacques A. E. Benen, Alphons G. J. Voragen, and Jaap Visser Pectic Esterases Jacques A. E. Benen, Gert-Jan W. M. van Alebeek, Alphons G. J. Voragen, and Jaap Visser Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Polygalacturonases Jacques A. E. Benen and Jaap Visser Enzymes Releasing L-Arabinose and D-Galactose from the Side Chains of Pectin Ronald P. de Vries and Jaap Visser Xylanolytic Enzymes Peter Biely Enzymes with Activity Toward Xyloglucan Jean-Paul Vincken Enzymes Degrading Rhamnogalacturonan and Xylogalacturonan Jean-Paul Vincken, Alphons G. J. Voragen, and Gerrit Beldman Enzymic Hydrolysis of Cereal (1!3, 1!4)--Glucans Maria Hrmova and Geoffrey Fincher Enzymology of Endo-1,4--Mannanases Henrik Sta˚lbrand Lysozyme Akio Kato Ribonucleases Jaap J. Beintema and Wei Zhao Proteolytic Enzymes John R. Whitaker Thermolysin Kuniyo Inouye LYASES Pectate and Pectin Lyases Jacques A. E. Benen and Jaap Visser Alliinases Edna C. Ramı´rez Cystine Lyases in Plants Edna C. Ramı´rez