Overuse injuries of the musculoskeletal system 2nd ed

Contents PART I Overview Chapter 1 Introduction...................................................................................................................3 I. Significance of Overuse Injuries..............................................................................................3 II. Clinical Picture and Diagnostics............................................................................................14 III. Treatment...............................................................................................................................20 IV. Nomenclature .........................................................................................................................22 References .......................................................................................................................................24 Chapter 2 MR Imaging in Diagnosis of Overuse Injuries..........................................................27 I. Muscles and Tendons .............................................................................................................27 A. Shoulder Impingement Syndrome ...................................................................................30 1. Rotator Cuff Impingement........................................................................................30 2. SLAP Lesion.............................................................................................................31 3. Subacromial Bursitis .................................................................................................32 B. Humeral Epicondylitis .....................................................................................................33 C. Groin Pain ........................................................................................................................33 D. Snapping Hip ...................................................................................................................33 E. Hamstring Syndrome .......................................................................................................34 F. Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome...................................................................................34 G. Patellar Tendinitis/Tendinosis ..........................................................................................35 H. Achilles Tendinitis/Tendinosis.........................................................................................35 I. Plantar Fasciitis................................................................................................................36 II. Bones .....................................................................................................................................37 A. Stress Fractures ................................................................................................................37 B. Osteitis Pubis ...................................................................................................................40 C. Spondylolysis ...................................................................................................................41 III. Cartilage ................................................................................................................................41 IV. Nerve .....................................................................................................................................44 References .......................................................................................................................................47 PART II Upper Extremities Chapter 3 Shoulder......................................................................................................................55 I. Impingement Syndrome of the Shoulder...............................................................................55 A. Etiopathogenesis ..............................................................................................................59 B. Clinical Picture and Diagnostics .....................................................................................61 C. Treatment .........................................................................................................................68 II. Bicipital Tendinitis .................................................................................................................71 A. Etiopathogenesis ..............................................................................................................71 B. Clinical Picture and Diagnostics .....................................................................................72 C. Treatment .........................................................................................................................74 III. Slap Lesions ...........................................................................................................................74 A. Etiopathogenesis ..............................................................................................................74 B. Clinical Picture and Diagnostics .....................................................................................75 C. Treatment .........................................................................................................................75 References .......................................................................................................................................76 Impingement Syndrome of the Shoulder and Slap Lesions ...........................................76 Bicipital Tendinitis...........................................................................................................82 Chapter 4 Elbow..........................................................................................................................85 I. Humeral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow) .................................................................................85 A. History.............................................................................................................................85 B. Etiopathogenesis ..............................................................................................................86 C. Clinical Picture and Diagnostics .....................................................................................88 D. Differential Diagnosis......................................................................................................89 E. Treatment .........................................................................................................................91 1. Non-Operative Treatment..........................................................................................91 2. Surgical Treatment ....................................................................................................94 II. Posterior Impingement Syndrome of the Elbow...................................................................96 III. Medial Tension/Lateral Compression Syndrome...................................................................97 References .......................................................................................................................................99 Humeral Epicondylitis .....................................................................................................99 Posterior Impingement Syndrome of the Elbow...........................................................104 Medial Tension/Lateral Compression Syndrome ..........................................................104 Chapter 5 Forearm and Hand....................................................................................................107 I. De Quervain Disease............................................................................................................107 II. Tenosynovitis of Other Dorsal Compartments ....................................................................109 III. Intersection Syndrome (Oarsman’s Wrist)...........................................................................111 IV. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Tendinitis ...........................................................................................112 V. Flexor Carpi Radialis Tendinitis ..........................................................................................113 VI. Dorsal Radiocarpal Impingement Syndrome (Gymnast’s Wrist)........................................114 VII. Trigger Finger.......................................................................................................................115 References .....................................................................................................................................116 PART III Spine Chapter 6 Low Back Pain .........................................................................................................123 I. Low Back Pain in Athletes ..................................................................................................123 II. Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis ...................................................................................128 III. Myofibrositis........................................................................................................................131 IV. Low Back Pain in Gymnasts ...............................................................................................131 V. Scoliosis and Sports .............................................................................................................138 VI. Juvenile (Adolescent) Kyphosis — Scheuermann Disease and Sports ..............................141 References .....................................................................................................................................147 PART IV Lower Extremities Chapter 7 Hip and Thigh...........................................................................................................153 I. Groin Pain ............................................................................................................................153 A. Groin Strain....................................................................................................................153 1. Etiopathogenesis......................................................................................................155 2. Epidemiology ..........................................................................................................157 3. Clinical Picture and Diagnostics ............................................................................158 4. Treatment.................................................................................................................162 B. Osteitis Pubis .................................................................................................................164 II. Iliopsoas Tendinitis and Bursitis (Psoas Syndrome) ...........................................................166 III. Tendinitis of the Rectus Femoris Muscle ............................................................................168 IV. Hip External Rotator Syndrome ..........................................................................................169 V. Gluteus Medius Syndrome...................................................................................................170 VI. Snapping Hip Syndrome ......................................................................................................171 VII. Hamstring Syndrome............................................................................................................174 A. Etiopathogenesis ............................................................................................................175 B. Clinical Picture and Diagnostics ...................................................................................178 C. Treatment .......................................................................................................................180 References .....................................................................................................................................182 Groin Pain ......................................................................................................................182 Hip External Rotator Syndrome and Gluteus Medius Syndrome ................................185 Snapping Hip Syndrome................................................................................................185 Hamstring Syndrome .....................................................................................................186 Chapter 8 Knee..........................................................................................................................189 I. Overuse Injuries of the Knee Joint ......................................................................................189 II. Patellofemoral Joint..............................................................................................................189 A. Patellar Malalignment....................................................................................................189 B. Chondromalacia of the Patella ......................................................................................194 C. Anterior Knee Pain ........................................................................................................198 III. Patellar Tendinitis/Tendinosis (Jumper’s Knee) ..................................................................208 A. Etiopathogenesis ............................................................................................................208 B. Clinical Picture and Diagnostics ...................................................................................211 C. Treatment .......................................................................................................................217 IV. Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome .......................................................................................222 A. Etiopathogenesis ............................................................................................................223 B. Clinical Picture and Diagnostics ...................................................................................224 C. Treatment .......................................................................................................................226 1. Non-Operative Treatment........................................................................................226 2. Surgical Treatment ..................................................................................................228 V. Breaststroker’s Knee ............................................................................................................228 VI. Osgood-Schlatter Disease ....................................................................................................230 VII. Sinding-Larsen-Johansson Disease ......................................................................................231 VIII. Fat Pad Syndrome (Hoffa Disease) .....................................................................................232 IX. Plica Syndrome ....................................................................................................................233 X. Semimembranosus Tendinitis...............................................................................................234 XI. Pes Anserinus Tendinitis and Bursitis .................................................................................236 XII. Popliteal Tendinitis...............................................................................................................236 XIII. Fabella Syndrome (Fabellitis) ..............................................................................................237 References .....................................................................................................................................239 Patellofemoral Joint .......................................................................................................239 Patellar Tendinitis/Tendinosis (Jumper’s Knee) ............................................................245 Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome.................................................................................249 Breaststroker’s Knee ......................................................................................................250 Subchapters VI through XIII .........................................................................................251 Chapter 9 Leg ............................................................................................................................255 I. Shin Splints (Runner’s Leg).................................................................................................255 A. Tibialis Posterior Syndrome ..........................................................................................257 B. Periostitis of the Tibia (Tibial Periostitis) .....................................................................258 C. Chronic (Exertional) Compartment Syndrome .............................................................259 1. Chronic Anterior Exertional Compartment Syndrome...........................................260 D. Stress Fractures of the Tibia..........................................................................................262 E. Conclusion .....................................................................................................................263 II. Overuse Injuries of the Achilles Tendon .............................................................................263 A. Achilles Tendinitis or Tendinosis ..................................................................................263 1. Etiopathogenesis......................................................................................................264 2. Clinical Picture and Diagnostics ............................................................................265 3. Treatment.................................................................................................................266 B. Enthesitis of the Achilles Tendon..................................................................................270 C. Retrocalcaneal Bursitis and Haglund Syndrome...........................................................270 D. Rupture of the Achilles Tendon.....................................................................................273 E. Sever Disease (Calcaneal Apophysitis) .........................................................................275 References .....................................................................................................................................277 Shin Splints (Runner’s Leg) ..........................................................................................277 Overuse Injuries of the Achilles Tendon.......................................................................279 Sever Disease (Calcaneal Apophysitis) .........................................................................282 Chapter 10 Foot and Ankle .........................................................................................................283 I. Plantar Fasciitis ....................................................................................................................283 A. Etiopathogenesis ............................................................................................................283 B. Clinical Picture and Diagnostics ...................................................................................285 C. Treatment .......................................................................................................................287 1. Non-Operative Treatment........................................................................................287 2. Surgical Treatment ..................................................................................................288 II. Anterior Impingement Syndrome of the Ankle...................................................................288 III. Posterior Impingement Syndrome of the Ankle..................................................................290 IV. Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendinitis.......................................................................................291 V. Tendinitis of the Common Extensor Muscle.......................................................................293 VI. Tendinitis of the Posterior Tibial Muscle and Posterior Tibial Tenosynovitis ...................294 VII. Dislocation of the Peroneal Tendons and Peroneal Tenosynovitis .....................................295 VIII. Sesamoiditis.........................................................................................................................296 References .....................................................................................................................................298 Plantar Fasciitis298 Anterior Impingement Syndrome and Other Subchapters (III through VIII).....................................................................................................300 PART V Other Overuse Injuries Chapter 11 Bursitis......................................................................................................................305 I. Anatomy ...............................................................................................................................305 II. Etiopathogenesis..................................................................................................................307 III. Clinical Picture and Diagnostics..........................................................................................309 IV. Treatment.............................................................................................................................310 References .....................................................................................................................................311 Chapter 12 Stress Fractures.........................................................................................................315 I. Age, Sex, Race, and Type of Activity .................................................................................315 II. Predisposing Factors ............................................................................................................316 A. Biomechanical Factors...................................................................................................316 B. Muscles ..........................................................................................................................317 C. Training Errors...............................................................................................................317 D. Surface...........................................................................................................................318 E. Footwear........................................................................................................................318 III. Prevention .............................................................................................................................318 IV. Diagnostics ...........................................................................................................................318 A. Clinical Diagnosis..........................................................................................................318 B. Radiography ...................................................................................................................319 C. Scintigraphy ...................................................................................................................320 D. Computerized Tomography............................................................................................321 E. Magnetic Resonance Imaging .......................................................................................321 F. Miscellaneous Tests .......................................................................................................321 V. Differential Diagnosis ..........................................................................................................321 VI. Treatment.............................................................................................................................322 VII. Distribution of Stress Fracture.............................................................................................322 A. Upper Extremities ..........................................................................................................322 1. Scapula ....................................................................................................................322 2. Clavicle....................................................................................................................323 3. Humerus ..................................................................................................................323 4. Ulna .........................................................................................................................323 5. Radius......................................................................................................................324 6. Carpal Bones ...........................................................................................................324 7. Metacarpal Bones....................................................................................................325 B. Trunk ..............................................................................................................................325 1. Sternum ...................................................................................................................325 2. Ribs..........................................................................................................................325 3. Lumbar Spine..........................................................................................................326 4. Sacrum.....................................................................................................................327 5. Pelvis .......................................................................................................................327 C. Lower Extremities..........................................................................................................327 1. Femur ......................................................................................................................327 2. Patella ......................................................................................................................329 3. Tibia.........................................................................................................................329 4. Fibula.......................................................................................................................331 5. Tarsal Bones ............................................................................................................333 6. Metatarsal Bones.....................................................................................................334 7. Sesamoid Bones ......................................................................................................337 References .....................................................................................................................................339 Chapter 13 Nerve Entrapment Syndromes .................................................................................351 I. Upper Limb ..........................................................................................................................351 A. Spinal Accessory Nerve.................................................................................................351 B. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome.............................................................................................351 C. Brachial Plexus ..............................................................................................................352 D. Long Thoracic Nerve.....................................................................................................353 E. Axillary Nerve ...............................................................................................................353 F. Suprascapular Nerve ......................................................................................................353 G. Musculocutaneous Nerve...............................................................................................355 H. Radial Nerve ..................................................................................................................356 I. Radial Tunnel Syndrome ...............................................................................................357 J. Wartenberg’s Disease.....................................................................................................357 K. Distal Posterior Interosseous Nerve ..............................................................................357 L. Ulnar Nerve....................................................................................................................357 M. Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome.................................................................................................358 N. Hypothenar Hammer Syndrome....................................................................................359 O. Median Nerve.................................................................................................................359 P. Anterior Interosseous Nerve ..........................................................................................359 Q. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ...............................................................................................360 R. Digital Nerves ................................................................................................................360 II. Lower Limb..........................................................................................................................360 A. Groin Pain ......................................................................................................................360 B. Piriformis Muscle Syndrome.........................................................................................361 C. Pudendus Nerve .............................................................................................................362 D. Meralgia Paresthetica.....................................................................................................362 E. Saphenous Nerve ...........................................................................................................362 F. Sural Nerve ....................................................................................................................362 G. Common Peroneal Nerve...............................................................................................363 H. Superficial Peroneal Nerve ............................................................................................363 I. Deep Peroneal Nerve (Anterior Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome)...........................................364 J. Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome................................................................................................364 K. First Branch of the Lateral Plantar Nerve.....................................................................366 L. Medial Plantar Nerve (Jogger’s Foot) ...........................................................................366 M. Interdigital Neuromas (Metatarsalgia)...........................................................................366 References .....................................................................................................................................367 Chapter 14 Overuse Injuries in Young Athletes ..........................................................................373 I. Epidemiology .....................................................................