Carbon nanotubes : science and applications

1 Structures and Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Jie Han 1.1 Bonding of Carbon Atoms.........................................................................................................2 1.2 Defect-Free Nanotube ................................................................................................................3 1.3 Defective Nanotubes...................................................................................................................6 1.4 Electronic Properties...................................................................................................................8 1.5 Optical and Optoelectronic Properties ...................................................................................12 1.6 Mechanical and Electromechanical Properties .......................................................................14 1.7 Magnetic and Electromagnetic Properties ..............................................................................17 1.8 Chemical and Electrochemical Properties ..............................................................................18 1.9 Thermal and Thermoelectric Properties.................................................................................21 2 Computational Nanotechnology of Carbon Nanotubes Deepak Srivastava 2.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................25 2.2 Multiscale Simulation Techniques for Computational Nanotechnology.............................. 27 2.3 Structure and Symmetry ..........................................................................................................31 2.4 Nanomechanics and Thermal Properties................................................................................32 2.5 Chemical Functionalization, Physisorption, and Diffusion in Carbon Nanotubes............. 45 2.6 Nanoelectronics and Sensors ...................................................................................................53 2.7 Summary and Outlook.............................................................................................................59 3 Growth of Carbon Nanotubes by Arc Discharge and Laser Ablation Alexander P. Moravsky, Eugene M. Wexler, and Raouf O. Loutfy 3.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................65 3.2 Arc Discharge Production of MWNTs....................................................................................66 3.3 MWNT Production by Laser Ablation of Graphite ...............................................................75 3.4 Arc Discharge Production of SWNTs .....................................................................................75 3.5 Arc Discharge Production of DWNTs.....................................................................................82 3.6 SWNT Production by Laser Ablation of Carbon-Metal Target ............................................ 90 3.7 Conclusions ...............................................................................................................................94 4 Growth: CVD and PECVD M. Meyyappan 4.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................99 4.2 Growth Apparatus...................................................................................................................100 4.3 Catalyst Preparation................................................................................................................104 © 2005 by CRC Press LLC xii 4.4 Growth Results........................................................................................................................105 4.5 Growth Mechanisms...............................................................................................................110 4.6 Modeling and Diagnostics......................................................................................................112 4.7 Challenges and Future Directions .........................................................................................112 5 Characterization Techniques in Carbon Nanotube Research K. McGuire and A. M. Rao 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................117 5.2 Electron Microscopy...............................................................................................................117 5.3 Atomic Force and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy ............................................................119 5.4 Properties Characterization....................................................................................................121 5.5 Electrical Conductivity Measurements..................................................................................122 5.6 Thermoelectric Measurements...............................................................................................124 5.7 Raman Spectroscopy...............................................................................................................125 5.8 X-Ray Diffraction....................................................................................................................133 5.9 Summary ................................................................................................................................134 6 Applications in Scanning Probe Microscopy Cattien V. Nguyen 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................137 6.2 Development of the Atomic Force Microscope and the Role of the Scanning Probe ...... 138 6.3 Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes in the Context of SPM Applications......... 144 6.4 Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube Scanning Probes .............................................................146 6.5 Applications of Carbon Nanotube Probes............................................................................151 6.6 Summary ................................................................................................................................159 7 Nanoelectronics Applications Toshishige Yamada 7.1 Carrier Characterization.........................................................................................................163 7.2 Doping Methods .....................................................................................................................167 7.3 SWNT FETs .............................................................................................................................168 7.4 Intermolecular Metal-Semiconductor SWNT Heterojunctions .......................................... 174 7.5 SWNT pn Junction as Esaki Diode .......................................................................................176 7.6 Single-Electron Tunneling Devices Using SWNTs ...............................................................179 7.7 Other Semiconducting SWNT Devices.................................................................................184 7.8 Transport in Metallic SWNTs ................................................................................................186 7.9 General Remarks on NanoFETs.............................................................................................187 8 Field Emission Philippe Sarrazin 8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................195 8.2 Structure and Microstructure of CNT Field Emitters .........................................................197 8.3 Applications of CNT Emitters ...............................................................................................200 8.4 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................211 © 2005 by CRC Press LLC xiii 9 Carbon Nanotube Applications: Chemical and Physical Sensors Jing Li 9.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................213 9.2 Carbon Nanotube Chemical Sensors ....................................................................................214 9.3 Carbon Nanotube Physical Sensors and Actuators ..............................................................227 9.4 Summary and Outlook...........................................................................................................233 10 Applications: Biosensors Jun Li 10.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................237 10.2 Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube Biosensors .......................................................................238 10.3 Biosensing Applications..........................................................................................................242 10.4 Summary and Future Directions ...........................................................................................250 11 Applications: Composites E. V. Barrera, M. L. Shofner, and E. L. Corral 11.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................253 11.2 Nanotube Superiority .............................................................................................................255 11.3 Polymer Nanocomposites.......................................................................................................259 11.4 Nanotube-Metal Composites .................................................................................................266 11.5 Ceramic Matrix Composites ..................................................................................................267 11.6 Summary and Outlook...........................................................................................................273 12 Other Applications M. Meyyappan 12.1 Applications in Integrated Circuit Manufacturing...............................................................277 12.2 Catalyst Support and Adsorbents ..........................................................................................278 12.3 Storage/Intercalation of Metals..............................................................................................278 12.4 Membranes and Separation ...................................................................................................278