Practical plant failure analysis : a guide to understanding machinery deterioration and improving equipment reliability

An Introduction to Failure Analysis The Causes of Failures Root Cause Analysis (RCA) and Understanding the Roots The Human Error Study Latent Roots How the Multiple Roots Interact The Benefits and Savings Summary Some General Considerations on Failure Analysis The Failure Mechanisms: How They Occur and Their Appearances Summary Materials and the Sources of Stresses Stress Elasticity Plasticity Modulus of Elasticity (Young's Modulus) Toughness Fatigue Some Basic Metallurgy Plain Carbon Steel: The Basics Understanding Steel Terminology and Material Designations Strengthening Metals Summary Overload Failures Introduction Unusual Conditions Summary Fatigue Failures (Part 1): The Basics Fatigue Failure Categories Fatigue (Part 2): Torsional, Low-Cycle, and Very-Low-Cycle Failure Influences and Fatigue Interpretations Torsional Fatigue Loads River Marks and Fatigue Crack Growth Plate and Rectangular Failures Fatigue Data Reliability and Corrosion Effect on Fatigue Strength Residual Stress Combined Fatigue and Steady State Stresses Base Material Problems Very-Low-Cycle and Low-Cycle Fatigue Very-Low-Cycle in Relatively Brittle Materials VLC in Ductile Materials Unusual Situations Failure Examples Understanding and Recognizing Corrosion Corrosion Rates pH Effects Effect of Available Oxygen Exposure Time and Flow Effects Temperature Effects The Eight Types of Corrosion Lubrication and Wear Three Types of Lubricated Contacts Manufacturing a Lubricant Greases Lubricant Applications Summary Defining Wear Mechanisms Summary Comments on Wear Failures Belt Drives Belt Design Belt Operation and Failure Causes Drive Efficiencies Belt Drive Failure Analysis Techniques Ball and Roller Bearings Bearing Materials Parts of a Bearing Cages Bearing Ratings and Equipment Design A Detailed Rolling Element Bearing Failure Analysis Procedure Roller and Tapered Roller Bearing Mounting Surfaces Summary Gears Gear Terminology Types of Gears Tooth Action Load and Stress Fluctuations Gear Materials Tooth Contact Patterns Backlash Design Life and Deterioration Mechanisms Through-Hardened Gear Deterioration Mechanisms Case-Hardened Gear Deterioration Mechanisms Analyzing Gear Failures Failure Examples Summary Fastener and Bolted Joint Failures How Bolts Work Fastener Failures Failure Examples Miscellaneous Machine Element Failures Chains Lip Seals Flexible Couplings Bibliography for Practical Plant Failure Analysis Index