Pharmaceutical compounding and dispensing

Part 1 History of compounding 1 1 Historical perspective 3 The origins of the pharmacy profession 3 Foundation of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain 5 Pharmacy legislation 6 Development of the pharmacopoeias 8 2 Obsolete dosage forms, equipment and methods of preparation 17 Obsolete pharmaceutical preparations and preparative methods 18 Old pharmaceutical equipment 34 Old pharmaceutical containers 38 3 Historical weights and measures 41 Metrication 41 Part 2 Pharmaceutical forms and their preparation 47 4 Key formulation skills 49 Weights and measures 49 Medication strength 59 5 Extemporaneous dispensing 65 Guide to general good practice requirements 65 Suitable record keeping 67 Equipment 67 Product formulae 74 Ingredients 75 Storage and labelling requirements 916 Solutions 101 Introduction and overview 101 General principles of solution preparation 103 Oral solutions 104 Gargles and mouthwashes 105 Enemas and douches 105 External solutions 105 Worked examples 106 Summary of essential principles relating to solutions 112 7 Suspensions 115 Introduction and overview 115 General principles of suspension preparation 116 Oral diffusible suspensions 117 Oral indiffusible suspensions 119 Suspensions for external use 119 Worked examples 120 Summary of essential principles relating to suspensions 127 8 Emulsions 131 Introduction and overview 131 Formulation of emulsions 133 General method of preparation of an emulsion using the dry gum method 135 Stability of emulsions 136 Emulsions for external use 137 Worked examples 138 Summary of essential principles relating to emulsions 151 9 Creams 153 Introduction and overview 153 Terminology used in the preparation of creams, ointments, pastes and gels 153 General principles of cream preparation 154 Worked examples 156 Summary of essential principles relating to creams 160 10 Ointments, pastes and gels 163 Introduction and overview 163 Ointments 163 Pastes 165 Gels 167 Worked examples 170 Summary of essential principles relating to ointments, pastes and gels 181 11 Suppositories and pessaries 183 Introduction and overview 183 General principles of suppository and pessary preparation 184 General method for suppository preparation 18612 Powders and capsules 195 Introduction and overview 195 Bulk powders for external use 195 Bulk oral powders 196 Individual unit dose powders 197 Unit dose capsules 199 Worked examples 202 Summary of essential principles relating to powders and capsules 205 13 Specialised formulation issues 207 Introduction and overview 207 Posology 207 Dermatological extemporaneous formulation 213 Further reading 215 Part 3 Product formulae 217 Preface 219 14 Creams 225 15 Dusting powders 229 16 Internal mixtures 231 17 Liniments, lotions and applications 249 18 Ointments and pastes 253 19 Powders 257 20 Miscellaneous formulae 259 Appendix 1 Glossary of terms used in formulations 261 Appendix 2 Abbreviations commonly used in pharmacy 263 Appendix 3 Changing substance names from British Approved Names to recommended International Non-Proprietary Names 265 Bibliography 271 Index 273 Worked examples 187 Summary of essential principles relating to suppositories and pessaries 192 Pharmaceutical packaging 96