Color atlas of neuroscience : neuroanatomy and neurophysiology

Meninges and Tracts . . . 2 Laminae and Nuclei of the Spinal Cord Gray Matter . . . 4 Ventral View of Brain Stem . . . 6 Dorsal View of Brain Stem . . . 8 Transverse Section of Medulla Oblongata . . . 10 Transverse Section of Medulla Oblongata II . . . 12 Transverse Section of Pons . . . 14 The Fourth Ventricle . . . 16 The Cerebellum I . . . 18 The Cerebellum II: Cellular and Lobular Arrangement . . . 20 The Midbrain . . . 22 The Cerebrum . . . 24 The Diencephalon . . . 26 Thalamic Nuclei . . . 28 Thalamic Nuclei: Projections to Cerebral Cortex . . . 30 Cerebral Cortex: Surface Features . . . 32 Cerebral Hemispheres: Internal Structures . . . 34 Tracts of Cerebral Hemispheres . . . 36 Cerebral Hemispheres: Cellular Architecture . . . 38 Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of Spinal Cord . . . 40 Brain Vascularization: Arterial Supply . . . 42 Venous Drainage of the Brain . . . 44 Ventricular System of the Brain . . . 46 Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid . . . 48 Cerebrospinal Fluid Composition, Secretion, and Pathology . . . 50 Blood−Brain Barriers . . . 52 Embryology . . . 54 Summary of Brain Development . . . 54 Development of the Peripheral Nervous System . . . 56 The Neural Plate and Neural Tube . . . 58 Development of the Spinal Cord . . . 60 Development of the Rhombencephalon: Cranial Nerves . . . 62 Development of the Rhombencephalon: Cerebellum and Ventricular System . . . 64 Development of the Mesencephalon . . . 66 The Diencephalon and Pituitary Gland . . . 68 The Telencephalon . . . 70 Cellular Structures . . . 72 The Neuron . . . 72 Neuronal Cell Types . . . 74 Neuroglia (Glia) . . . 76 Electrical Properties of Nerves I . . . 78 Electrical Properties of Nerve II: Generation of the Membrane Potential . . . 80 Ion Channels . . . 82 Voltage-gated Sodium Channel . . . 84 The Na+/K+ ATPase Pump . . . 86 The Action Potential . . . 88 Conduction of the Action Potential . . . 90 Communication between Neurons: Electrical Synapses . . . 92 The Electrical Gap Junction . . . 94 Chemical Synapses . . . 96 The Neuromuscular Junction . . . 98 Neuromuscular Junction II . . . 100 Contents Greenstein, Color Atlas of Neuroscience © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. vi The Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor . . . 102 The End Plate Potential . . . 104 GABA Receptors . . . 106 The Glutamate Receptor . . . 108 Catecholamine Neurotransmitters . . . 110 GABA and Glutamate: Synthesis and Role . . . 112 Catecholamine Pathways in CNS . . . 114 5-Hydroxytryptamine . . . 116 Metabolic Disposition of Catecholamines . . . 118 Metabolic Disposition of Dopamine and 5-HT . . . 120 Cholinergic Pathways and Muscarinic Receptors . . . 122 Central Synapses I: The Stretch Reflex . . . 124 Central synapses II: Types of Synapse . . . 126 Central synapses III: Synaptic Integration . . . 128 Synaptic Plasticity . . . 130 Somatosensory Aspects . . . 132 Sensory Information . . . 132 Mechanoreceptor Activation . . . 134 Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors . . . 136 Thermoreceptor Action . . . 138 Receptive Fields . . . 140 Proprioceptors I: The Muscle Spindle . . . 142 Proprioceptors II: The Muscle Spindle - Function . . . 144 Proprioceptors III: The Golgi Tendon Organ . . . 146 Proprioceptors IV: The Stretch Reflex . . . 148 Sensory Fibers and Dorsal Roots . . . 150 Segmental Organization of Spinal Cord . . . 152 Sensory Tracts I: Spinal Cord Organization . . . 156 Posterior (Dorsal) Column Medial Lemniscus Pathway . . . 158 Spinothalamic Pathway . . . 160 Spinocerebellar Tracts . . . 162 Somatosensory Tracts: Summary of Ascending Pathways . . . 164 Nociception I: Pain Pathways and Components . . . 166 Nociception II: Afferent Inputs to the Dorsal Horn and Ascending Pathways . . . 168 Nociception III: Descending Brain Stem Pathways Affecting Transmission . . . 170 Nociception IV: Visceral Afferents . . . 172 Nociception V: Referred Cardiac Pain . . . 174 The Somatosensory Cortex . . . 176 Motor System . . . 178 The Motor Cortex . . . 178 Origin of the Pyramidal Tract . . . 180 Descending Motor Tracts and Cranial Nerve Nuclei . . . 182 Extrapyramidal Motor Pathways . . . 184 Components of the Basal Ganglia . . . 186 Connections of the Basal Ganglia . . . 188 Basal Ganglia Neurotransmitters . . . 190 Basal Ganglia Neurotransmitters and Receptors . . . 192 Basal Ganglia Disease: Loss of Nigrostriatal Pathway . . . 194 Basal Ganglia Lesions in Striatum and Subthalamic Nucleus . . . 196 Functional Organization of the Cerebellum . . . 198 The Vestibulocerebellar Module . . . 200 The Spinocerebellar Module . . . 202 The Pontocerebellar Module . . . 204 Control of Posture . . . 206 Contents Greenstein, Color Atlas of Neuroscience © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. vii The Brain Stem . . . 208 The Reticular Formation . . . 208 Afferent Connections to the Reticular Formation . . . 210 Efferent Connections of the Reticular Formation . . . 212 The Reticular Activating System . . . 214 Sleep and The Reticular Formation . . . 216 The Cranial Nerves . . . 218 The Cranial Nerve Nuclei . . . 220 Trigeminal Innervation . . . 222 Trigeminal Function and Pathology . . . 224 The Facial Nerve . . . 226 The Accessory, Hypoglossal, and Vagus Nerves . . . 228 The Glossopharyngeal Nerve . . . 230 Cranial Nerve Paralysis . . . 232 Oculomotor Nuclei and Nerves . . . 234 Control of Extraocular Muscles . . . 236 The Autonomic Nervous System . . . 238 Layout of the Autonomic Nervous System . . . 238 Autonomic Nervous System: Parasympathetic Division . . . 240 Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic Division . . . 242 Autonomic Nervous System: Effects . . . 244 Autonomic Nervous System: Agonists and Antagonists . . . 246 The Special Senses . . . 248 The Gustatory System . . . 248 The Olfactory System Pathways . . . 250 Olfactory System Organization . . . 252 The Cochlea and Organ of Corti . . . 254 The Nature of Sound . . . 256 Sound and the Cochlea I . . . 258 Sound and the Cochlea II . . . 260 Ascending Auditory Pathways . . . 262 Auditory Cortical Areas and Descending Auditory Pathways . . . 264 Localization of Sound . . . 266 The Vestibular Apparatus . . . 268 Orientation of Hair Cells . . . 270 Structure of the Eye . . . 272 Retina, Rods, and Cones . . . 274 Photoreceptors and Light . . . 276 Photoreceptors and Retinal Interneurons . . . 278 Retinal Ganglion Cells . . . 280 Visual Fields and Pathways I . . . 282 Visual Fields and Pathways II . . . 284 Visual Cortex I . . . 286 Visual Cortex II . . . 288 Visual Processing and Color Vision . . . 290 The Hypothalamus . . . 292 The Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis . . . 292 Connections of the Hypothalamus . . . 294 Neuroendocrine Axis . . . 296 Feedback Control . . . 298 Control of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Release . . . 300 Control of Release of Luteinizing and Follicle-stimulating Hormones . . . 302 Control of Growth Hormone Release . . . 304 Control of Thyroid Hormone Release . . . 306 Parvicellular and Magnicellular Systems . . . 308 Control of Oxytocin Release . . . 310 Control of Vasopressin Secretion . . . 312 Thermoregulation . . . 314 Contents Greenstein, Color Atlas of Neuroscience © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. viii The Limbic System . . . 316 Limbic System 1: Introduction . . . 316 The Hippocampus . . . 318 The Septal Nuclei . . . 320 The Amygdaloid Complex . . . 322 Functions of the Amygdaloid Complex . . . 324 The Cingulate Gyrus . . . 326 Limbic System and Stress . . . 328 Neuronal Mechanisms for Learning and Memory . . . 330 Long-term Potentiation in the Hippocampus . . . 332 The Limbic System in Health and Disease . . . 334 The Higher Brain Centers . . . 336 Brodmann’s Maps of the Cerebral Cortex . . . 336 Surface Features of the Cerebral Cortex . . . 338 Cortical Association Areas . . . 340 Brain Laterality and Language Centers . . . 342 Neural Processing of Language . . . 344 Language Disorders . . . 346 Learning: Classical Conditioning . . . 348 Learning and Instrumental Conditioning . . . 350 Parietal Association Areas . . . 352 Prefrontal Association Cortex . . . 354 Temporal Association Cortex . . . 356 Theories of Consciousness . . . 358 Corpus Callosum and ‘Split Brain’ . . . 360 Epilepsy . . . 362 Drugs for Epilepsy . . . 364 Schizophrenia . . . 366 Drugs Used for Schizophrenia . . . 368 Parkinson’s Disease . . . 370 Affective (Mood) Disorders . . . 372 Antidepressants . . . 374 Brain Aging and Dementia . . . 376 !-Amyloid Precursor Protein in Alzheimer’s Disease . . . 378 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies . . . 380 Damage and Repair . . . 382 Axonal Damage . . . 384 Axonal Injury and Nerve Growth Factor . . . 384 Neural Stem Cells, Gene Therapy, and Neural Repair . . . 386 Literature . . . 389 Glossary of Terms . . . 393 Index . . . 419 Contents Greenstein,