Guide to the advanced fire safety engineering of structures.

CONTENTS Glossary v Foreword vii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Status of the Guide 1 2 D ESIGN METHODOLOGY 2 2.1 Introduction 2 2.2 Overview of design process 2 2.2.1 Determine requirements and objectives 2 2.2.2 Determine acceptable performance criteria 5 2.2.3 Assess basic level of complexity to meet requirements/objectives 6 2.2.4 Carry out qualitative review 7 2.2.5 Assess value and constraints 7 2.2.6 Carry out detailed performance-based structural fire design 7 2.2.7 Validation, verification and review 8 2.2.8 Compare analysis with acceptable criteria 8 2.2.9 Presentation of design for third party checking 8 3 F IRE BEHAVIOUR 10 3.1 Introduction 10 3.2 Localised fire 13 3.2.1 Fire plume models 13 3.2.2 Simplified method given in PD 7974-1 14 3.2.3 Two zone models 14 3.2.4 Computational fluid dynamics 15 3.3 Fully developed fire 15 3.3.1 Standard temperature-time relationships 15 3.3.2 Time equivalence 16 3.3.3 Natural fire curves 17 3.3.4 Zone models 19 3.3.5 Computational fluid dynamics 20 3.3.6 External flame models 20 3.3.7 Use of test data 21 3.3.8 Key parametric studies to determine design fires for structural assessment 21 3.3.9 Automatic suppression 22 4 T HERMAL RESPONSE 23 4.1 Introduction 23 4.2 Basic principles of heat transfer 24 4.3 Test data 26 4.4 Simplified calculation models 26 4.4.1 Steel members 26 4.4.2 Concrete members 27 4.4.3 Composite members 27 4.4.4 Masonry members 27 4.5 Advanced analytical methods 28 iv IStructE Guide to the advanced fire safety engineering of structures 5 STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR 29 5.1 Introduction 29 5.2 Basic principles 31 5.2.1 Thermal expansion and thermal curvature 31 5.2.2 Creep and transient strains 31 5.2.3 Spalling 31 5.3 Simple calculation methods 32 5.3.1 Steel members 32 5.3.2 Composite members 32 5.3.3 Concrete members 32 5.3.4 Timber members 33 5.3.5 Masonry members 33 5.4 Whole building behaviour and the use of finite element models 33 5.4.1 General principles 34 5.4.2 Conceptual model 36 5.4.3 Assessment of failure 36 5.4.4 Sensitivity assessment 36 6 CASE STUDIES 37 6.1 Introduction 37 6.2 Kings Place 37 6.3 Al Shaqab Academy and Equestrian Centre 39 6.4 Heathrow Airport Pier 6 40 6.5 Abbey Mill House 42 References 44 APPENDIX A AVA ILABLE TEST DATA 46