Population systems : a general introduction.

Preface to the First Edition ........................................................................... vii Preface to the Second Edition ....................................................................... ix Acknowledgments ......................................................................................... xi Part I Population Systems Introduction to Part I .................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 A Brief Look at Systems in General ........................................ 3 1.1 What is a System? .............................................................. 3 1.2 The State of a System ........................................................ 6 1.3 Dynamical Systems ........................................................... 6 1.4 System Diagrams ............................................................... 7 1.5 Feedback Control ............................................................... 9 1.6 The Stability of Systems .................................................... 12 1.7 Anticipatory Feedforward .................................................. 15 1.8 Systems Analysis in Biology ............................................. 17 1.9 Chapter Summary .............................................................. 22 Exercises ..................................................................................... 23 Notes ........................................................................................... 24 Chapter 2 Population Dynamics and an Elementary Model .................. 27 2.1 What is a Population? ........................................................ 27 2.2 Dynamics of Populations ................................................... 29 2.3 An Elementary Population Model ..................................... 35 2.4 Analysis of the Model ........................................................ 41 2.5 Environmental and Genetic Effects ................................... 47 2.6 Chapter Summary .............................................................. 48 Exercises ..................................................................................... 50 Notes ........................................................................................... 51 xiii Chapter 3 Population Regulation and a General Model ......................... 57 3.1 Density-Dependent Mechanisms ....................................... 57 3.1.1 Competitive Processes ........................................... 58 3.1.2 Cooperative Processes ........................................... 60 3.2 Feedback Integration ......................................................... 62 3.3 A General Population Model ............................................. 65 3.4 Analysis of the Model ........................................................ 70 3.4.1 Environmental and Genetic Effects ....................... 73 3.5 Populations in Changing Environments ............................ 75 3.5.1 Environmental Feedback ....................................... 77 3.6 Complex Density-Dependent Relationships ...................... 79 3.7 Chapter Summary .............................................................. 83 Exercises ..................................................................................... 85 Notes ........................................................................................... 86 Part II Systems of Interacting Populations Introduction to Part II ................................................................................... 93 Chapter 4 Interactions Between Two Species ........................................... 95 4.1 Population Interactions ...................................................... 95 4.2 Cooperative Interactions .................................................... 96 4.3 Competitive Interactions .................................................... 100 4.3.1 Nonlinear Competitive Interactions ....................... 104 4.3.2 Competition in Variable Environments ................. 106 4.3.3 Strategies of the Competitor .................................. 109 4.4 Predator-Prey Interactions ................................................. 110 4.4.1 Nonlinear Predator-Prey Interactions .................... 115 4.4.2 Predator Functional Responses .............................. 119 4.4.3 Predation in Variable Environments ...................... 124 4.4.4 Predator and Prey Strategies .................................. 126 4.5 Chapter Summary .............................................................. 128 Exercises ..................................................................................... 130 Notes ........................................................................................... 132 Chapter 5 Interactions in Space ................................................................ 149 5.1 Introduction........................................................................ 149 5.2 Movements in Space .......................................................... 150 5.3 Dynamics in Space ............................................................ 154 5.4 The Spread and Collapse of Pest Epidemics ..................... 157 5.5 Stability in Space ............................................................... 161 5.6 Population Quality in Space .............................................. 164 5.7 Environmental Stratification .............................................. 167 5.8 Chapter Summary .............................................................. 170 Notes ........................................................................................... 171 xiv Contents Chapter 6 Interactions Between Many Species (Ecological Communities) ........................................................ 177 6.1 Community Structure ........................................................ 177 6.2 Community Stability .......................................................... 179 6.2.1 Predation as a Stabilizing Influence ...................... 187 6.3 Community Dynamics ....................................................... 189 6.4 Chapter Summary .............................................................. 193 Exercises ..................................................................................... 195 Notes ........................................................................................... 196 Epilogue: The Human Dilemma ................................................................... 199 Answers to Exercises ...................................................................................... 205 Name Index ..................................................................................................... 211 Subject Index .................................................................................................. 215